School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
Exp Gerontol. 2018 Nov;113:150-162. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.006. Epub 2018 Oct 9.
Sarcopenia is associated with loss of muscle mass and function as well as oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammatory status, and adipocytokine dysfunction. It has been reported that sarcopenia can be attenuated by exercise training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols could differentially modulate changes in body composition, physical performance, inflammatory parameters, and adipocytokines in fat tissues and serum, as well as oxidative parameters and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in skeletal muscle tissue of aged rats. Middle-aged (18-month-old) female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) were subjected to 8 months of MICT (26-m MICT) or HIIT (26-m HIIT) treadmill training (45 min, 5 times per week), and the results were compared with those of age-matched sedentary controls (26-m SED); 8-month-old (8-m SED) and 18-month-old (18-m SED) rats served as aging sedentary controls. Body composition parameters; physical performance; serum and skeletal muscle oxidative stress parameters; levels of IGF-1, a serum and fat tissue inflammatory marker; adipocytokine (leptin, adiponectin) levels; and plasma glucose and lipid metabolism-related parameters were analyzed among the five groups. The percent fat and body fat to lean mass ratio increased as a main effect with age, whereas 26-m HIIT but not 26-m MICT attenuated these alterations. The 26-m HIIT group showed a larger improvement in grip strength compared to that of 26-m MICT, with a similar increase in inclined plane performance, maximum running speed, and exhaustion over time as compared with the 26-m SED group. Notably, the 26-m HIIT group showed lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and higher IL-10 in serum compared with those of the 26-m SED and 26-m MICT groups. Both exercise protocols promoted increased skeletal muscle IGF-1 and decreased serum IGF-1 and adiponectin relative to those in the 26-m SED group, whereas only 26-m HIIT dampened the age-related decrease in plasma free fatty acids and increased serum leptin, along with providing lower fat tissue leptin as compared with that in the 26-m SED group. Moreover, the 26-m HIIT group showed lower serum and skeletal muscle malonylaldehyde and skeletal muscle 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels than those in the 26-m MICT group, albeit similar decreases in serum and skeletal muscle 4-hydroxynonenal and serum 8-OHdG and increases in skeletal muscle superoxide dismutase 2 activity. In conclusion, HIIT initiated late in life exhibited greater beneficial effects in ameliorating aged-related elevations in oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as dysfunction of circulating adipocytokine levels, than a volume-matched MICT program. HIIT may therefore contribute to improvements in body composition and physical performance changes associated with aging.
肌肉减少症与肌肉质量和功能的丧失以及氧化应激、慢性低度炎症状态和脂肪细胞因子功能障碍有关。据报道，运动训练可以减轻肌肉减少症。本研究的目的是评估长期高强度间歇训练（HIIT）和中等强度持续训练（MICT）方案是否可以在老年大鼠的身体成分、身体表现、炎症参数和脂肪组织和血清中的脂肪细胞因子、氧化参数和胰岛素样生长因子 1（IGF-1）水平方面改变身体成分、身体表现、炎症参数和脂肪组织和血清中的脂肪细胞因子、氧化参数和胰岛素样生长因子 1（IGF-1）水平方面产生不同的影响。将中年（18 个月大）雌性 Sprague Dawley 大鼠（n=36）分为 MICT（26-m MICT）或 HIIT（26-m HIIT）跑步机训练组（45 分钟，每周 5 次），并与年龄匹配的久坐对照组（26-m SED）进行比较；8 个月大（8-m SED）和 18 个月大（18-m SED）大鼠作为衰老的久坐对照组。分析了五组的身体成分参数、身体表现、血清和骨骼肌氧化应激参数、IGF-1 水平（血清和脂肪组织炎症标志物）、脂肪细胞因子（瘦素、脂联素）水平、以及血糖和血脂代谢相关参数。脂肪百分比和体脂与瘦体重的比例随着年龄的增长而增加，而 26-m HIIT 而不是 26-m MICT 减轻了这些变化。与 26-m SED 组相比，26-m HIIT 组握力的改善更大，斜板性能、最大跑步速度和随时间推移的疲劳都有类似的增加。值得注意的是，与 26-m SED 和 26-m MICT 组相比，26-m HIIT 组的血清高敏 C 反应蛋白水平较低，IL-10 水平较高。与 26-m SED 组相比，两种运动方案都增加了骨骼肌 IGF-1，降低了血清 IGF-1 和脂联素水平，而只有 26-m HIIT 降低了与年龄相关的血浆游离脂肪酸水平，并增加了血清瘦素水平，同时与 26-m SED 组相比，脂肪组织瘦素水平也较低。此外，与 26-m MICT 组相比，26-m HIIT 组的血清和骨骼肌丙二醛和骨骼肌 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）水平较低，尽管血清和骨骼肌 4-羟基壬烯醛和血清 8-OHdG 水平相似降低，骨骼肌超氧化物歧化酶 2 活性增加。总之，与体积匹配的 MICT 方案相比，生命后期开始的 HIIT 对改善与年龄相关的氧化应激和炎症升高以及循环脂肪细胞因子水平的功能障碍具有更大的有益作用。HIIT 可能因此有助于改善与衰老相关的身体成分和身体表现变化。
