Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 1;649:1609-1619. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.313. Epub 2018 Aug 25.
Ship emissions contribute significantly to the deterioration of air quality, while their impacts on ambient PM and depositions have not been comprehensively evaluated. This is especially true for China because it has a long coastline, busy shipping routes and many large ports. To fill this gap, this study applied the SMOKE/WRF/CMAQ modeling system to quantifying the impacts of ships on PM compositions, annual and seasonal contribution to PM as well as the wet and dry deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds over the land areas in YRD region for 2014. The results showed that 4.0% of annual PM concentrations over the land areas could be explained by ship emissions and the largest contribution could reach up to 35.0% in port areas. Temporally, the contribution to PM exhibited an obviously seasonal variation. The highest contribution was predicted in autumn (6.2%), followed by summer (5.4%), spring (3.6%) and winter (1.2%) for the land areas. Spatially, the contribution reached up to 13.6% along the coastline and dropped to 2.1% 300 km inland. As for the impacts on PM components, the primary components were relatively small and increased mainly along the shipping routes and the Yangtze River, whereas the secondary components played a more important role in both water and land areas. The sulfur deposition due to ship emissions was occurred generally along the shipping routes and was dominated by the dry SO deposition. The nitrogen depositions, on the contrary, was observed not only along the shipping routes but also extend to wide land areas. Further investigation revealed that ship emissions have caused an evident increase of dry nitrogen deposition in NO and HNO, while a slight decrease in NH over YRD region. These results indicated that comprehensive regulations of ship emissions are required considering their adverse effects on the ambient concentration of PM and the deposition of sulfur and nitrogen.
船舶排放物对空气质量的恶化有重大贡献，但其对环境 PM 和沉积的影响尚未得到全面评估。这在中国尤其如此，因为中国拥有漫长的海岸线、繁忙的航运航线和众多大型港口。为了填补这一空白，本研究应用 SMOKE/WRF/CMAQ 建模系统来量化船舶对 PM 成分的影响，以及船舶对 PM 年浓度和季节浓度的贡献，以及氮和硫化合物在长江三角洲地区陆地上的干湿沉降。结果表明，船舶排放物可解释陆地区域 4.0%的年 PM 浓度，在港口地区最大贡献可达 35.0%。从时间上看，PM 的贡献表现出明显的季节性变化。陆地区域秋季（6.2%）的贡献最高，其次是夏季（5.4%）、春季（3.6%）和冬季（1.2%）。从空间上看，沿航线的贡献高达 13.6%，内陆 300 公里处降至 2.1%。至于对 PM 成分的影响，主要成分相对较小，主要沿航运航线和长江增加，而二次成分在水和陆地区域发挥更重要的作用。由于船舶排放而导致的硫沉积通常发生在航运航线上，主要是干 SO 沉积。相反，氮沉积不仅发生在航运航线上，而且还扩展到广泛的陆地地区。进一步的调查显示，船舶排放导致长江三角洲地区氮的干沉积显著增加，而 NH 的干沉积略有减少。这些结果表明，考虑到船舶排放对 PM 环境浓度和硫、氮沉积的不利影响，需要对船舶排放进行综合管理。
