a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.
Expert Rev Proteomics. 2018 Nov;15(11):887-910. doi: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1537788. Epub 2018 Oct 23.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication. There is now a growing awareness that predominant EV subtypes; exosomes from endosomal origin, and shed microvesicles from plasma membrane budding, can be further stratified into distinct subtypes, however specific approaches in their isolation and markers that allow them to be discriminated are lacking. Areas covered: Knowledge about these distinct EV subpopulations is important including the regulation of composition, release, targeting/localization, uptake, and function. This review discusses the mechanisms of distinct EV biogenesis and release, defining select EV classes (and subpopulations), which will be crucial for development of EV-based functions and clinical applications. We review the dynamics of cargo sorting leading to the mechanisms of EV heterogeneity, their mechanisms of formation, intracellular trafficking pathways, and provide an uptake about biochemical/functional differences. With advances in purification strategies and proteomic-based quantitation, allows significant benefit in accurately describing differences in EV protein cargo composition and modification. Expert commentary: The advent of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics, in conjunction with advances in molecular cell biology, and EV purification strategies, has contributed significantly to our improved characterization and understanding of the molecular composition and functionality of these distinct EV subpopulations.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 代表细胞间通讯的重要模式。现在越来越意识到，主要的 EV 亚型；内体起源的外泌体和质膜出芽的脱落微囊泡，可以进一步分层为不同的亚型，但是缺乏用于分离它们的特定方法和可以区分它们的标记物。 涵盖领域：了解这些不同的 EV 亚群很重要，包括组成、释放、靶向/定位、摄取和功能的调节。这篇综述讨论了不同 EV 生物发生和释放的机制，定义了选择的 EV 类（和亚群），这对于基于 EV 的功能和临床应用的发展至关重要。我们回顾了导致 EV 异质性的货物分拣机制，它们的形成机制、细胞内运输途径，并提供了关于生化/功能差异的概述。随着纯化策略和基于蛋白质组学的定量的进步，允许在准确描述 EV 蛋白货物组成和修饰的差异方面有显著的好处。 专家评论：基于定量质谱的蛋白质组学的出现，结合分子细胞生物学和 EV 纯化策略的进步，极大地促进了我们对这些不同的 EV 亚群的分子组成和功能的更好的描述和理解。
