Di Bella Maria Antonietta, Taverna Simona
Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy.
Biology (Basel). 2024 Sep 12;13(9):716. doi: 10.3390/biology13090716.
In recent years, knowledge of cell-released extracellular vesicle (EV) functions has undergone rapid growth. EVs are membrane vesicles loaded with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and bioactive molecules. Once released into the extracellular space, EVs are delivered to target cells that may go through modifications in physiological or pathological conditions. EVs are nano shuttles with a crucial role in promoting short- and long-distance cell-cell communication. Comprehension of the mechanism that regulates this process is a benefit for both medicine and basic science. Currently, EVs attract immense interest in precision and nanomedicine for their potential use in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies. This review reports the latest advances in EV studies, focusing on the nature and features of EVs and on conventional and emerging methodologies used for their separation, characterization, and visualization. By searching an extended portion of the relevant literature, this work aims to give a summary of advances in nanomedical applications of EVs. Moreover, concerns that require further studies before translation to clinical applications are discussed.
近年来，人们对细胞释放的细胞外囊泡（EV）功能的认识迅速增加。细胞外囊泡是装载有蛋白质、核酸、脂质和生物活性分子的膜性囊泡。一旦释放到细胞外空间，细胞外囊泡就会被递送至靶细胞，而靶细胞可能会在生理或病理条件下发生改变。细胞外囊泡是纳米穿梭器，在促进细胞间短距离和长距离通讯中发挥着关键作用。理解调节这一过程的机制对医学和基础科学都有益处。目前，细胞外囊泡因其在诊断、预后和治疗中的潜在应用，在精准医学和纳米医学领域引起了极大关注。本综述报告了细胞外囊泡研究的最新进展，重点关注细胞外囊泡的性质和特征，以及用于其分离、表征和可视化的传统方法和新兴方法。通过检索大量相关文献，本研究旨在总结细胞外囊泡纳米医学应用的进展。此外，还讨论了在转化为临床应用之前需要进一步研究的问题。
