鸡的病毒诱导免疫抑制

Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in Chickens.

作者信息

Gimeno I M, Schat K A

机构信息

A Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607.

B Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

出版信息

Avian Dis. 2018 Sep;62(3):272-285. doi: 10.1637/11841-041318-Review.1.

Abstract

A healthy immune system is a cornerstone for poultry production. Any factor diminishing the immune responses will affect production parameters and increase cost. There are numerous factors, infectious and noninfectious, causing immunosuppression (IS) in chickens. This paper reviews the three viral diseases that most commonly induce IS or subclinical IS in chickens: Marek's disease virus (MDV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), as well as the interactions among them. MDV-induced IS (MDV-IS) affects both humoral and cellular immune responses. It is very complex, poorly understood, and in many cases underdiagnosed. Vaccination protects against some but not all aspects of MDV-IS. CIAV induces apoptosis of the hemocytoblasts resulting in anemia, hemorrhages, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. It also causes apoptosis of thymocytes and dividing T lymphocytes, affecting T helper functions, which are essential for antibody production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions. Control of CIAV is based on vaccination of breeders and maternal antibodies (MAbs). However, subclinical IS can occur after MAbs wane. IBDV infection affects the innate immune responses during virus replication and humoral immune responses as a consequence of the destruction of B-cell populations. Vaccines with various levels of attenuation are used to control IBDV. Interactions with MAbs and residual virulence of the vaccines need to be considered when designing vaccination plans. The interaction between IBDV, CIAV, and MDV is critical although underestimated in many cases. A proper control of IBDV is a must to have proper humoral immune responses needed to control CIAV. Equally, long-term control of MDV is not possible if chickens are coinfected with CIAV, as CIAV jeopardizes CTL functions critical for MDV control.

摘要

健康的免疫系统是家禽生产的基石。任何削弱免疫反应的因素都会影响生产参数并增加成本。有许多传染性和非传染性因素会导致鸡群免疫抑制(IS)。本文综述了最常引起鸡群免疫抑制或亚临床免疫抑制的三种病毒性疾病:马立克氏病病毒(MDV)、鸡传染性贫血病毒(CIAV)和传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV),以及它们之间的相互作用。MDV诱导的免疫抑制(MDV-IS)会影响体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。它非常复杂,了解甚少,在许多情况下诊断不足。疫苗接种可预防MDV-IS的某些方面,但并非全部。CIAV诱导造血母细胞凋亡,导致贫血、出血,并增加对细菌感染的易感性。它还会导致胸腺细胞和正在分裂的T淋巴细胞凋亡,影响辅助性T细胞功能,而辅助性T细胞功能对于抗体产生和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)功能至关重要。CIAV的防控基于种鸡的疫苗接种和母源抗体(MAbs)。然而,母源抗体消退后可能会出现亚临床免疫抑制。IBDV感染在病毒复制过程中影响先天免疫反应,由于B细胞群体的破坏,进而影响体液免疫反应。使用不同程度减毒的疫苗来控制IBDV。设计疫苗接种计划时需要考虑疫苗与母源抗体的相互作用以及疫苗的残余毒力。IBDV、CIAV和MDV之间的相互作用至关重要,尽管在许多情况下被低估。要获得控制CIAV所需的适当体液免疫反应,必须妥善控制IBDV。同样,如果鸡群同时感染CIAV,则无法长期控制MDV,因为CIAV会危及对控制MDV至关重要的CTL功能。

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