Induced Resistance Against Western Flower Thrips by the -Derived Defense Elicitors in Tomato.

Western flower thrips (WFT) (Pergande) is a key agricultural pest of cultivated tomatoes. Induced host plant resistance by activating jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway constitutes a promising method for WFT control. The phytotoxin coronatine (COR), produced by pv. tomato DC3000 (), mimics the plant hormone JA-Isoleucine and can promote resistance against herbivorous arthropods. Here we determined the effect of and COR on tomato resistance against WFT, induction of JA and salicylic acid (SA) associated defenses, and plant chemistry. Additionally, we investigated the presence of other components in -derived and filtered culture medium, and their interactive effect with COR on tomato resistance to WFT. Our results showed that infiltration of COR or reduced WFT feeding damage in tomato plants. COR and induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker. COR also induced expression of a SA-related responsive gene, although at much less magnitude. Activation of JA defenses in COR and infiltrated plants did not affect density of type VI leaf trichomes, which are defenses reported to be induced by JA. An untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or slightly differed. Application of the -derived and filtered culture medium, containing COR but not viable , also increased tomato resistance against WFT confirming that the induction of tomato defenses does not require a living population to be present in the plant. Infiltration of tomato plants with low concentrations of COR in diluted -derived and filtered culture medium reduced WFT feeding damage in a greater magnitude than infiltration with an equivalent amount of pure COR indicating that other elicitors are present in the medium. This was confirmed by the fact that the medium from a COR-mutant of also strongly reduced silver damage. In conclusion, our results indicate that induction of JA defenses by COR, infection, the medium of and the medium of a COR mutant increased resistance against WFT. This was not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densities, but rather the induction of chemical defenses.