Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health of the University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, S. Paolo Hospital Unit, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Jan;123:57-71. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.047. Epub 2018 Oct 22.
Human exposure to pesticides can be estimated through different approaches. The approach adopted in this study is based on internal dose measures. Studies published during 2001 and 2017 were collected from PubMed and Scopus databases, filtered and organized. The intake of parent compounds is estimated based on the urinary excretion of different OP metabolites applying a mathematical model previously used for similar purposes. Once defined an Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), risk assessment is performed through comparison with specific guideline values and hazard index (HI) is calculated to assess cumulative health risk. The EDI was expressed as malathion, diazinon, parathion, phorate and dimethoate equivalents. Differences in exposure between pregnant women, general population, children and farmers are highlighted and exposures are presented by country and sampling year. Higher exposure to OPs was calculated for farmers, followed by children whereas pregnant women were less exposed. Median HQ values for children ranged between 0.016 and 0.618, for pregnant women 0.005-0.151, for general population 0.008-0.206 and for farmers 0.009-0.979. Combined exposure to dimethoate and phorate was the worst-case scenario. The annual distribution of the urinary DAPs showed that exposure to OPs since 1998 tends to be stable for both children and adults.
人类接触农药的情况可以通过不同的方法进行评估。本研究采用的方法基于内剂量测量。从 PubMed 和 Scopus 数据库中收集了 2001 年至 2017 年期间发表的研究，并进行了筛选和整理。根据先前用于类似目的的数学模型，基于不同 OP 代谢物在尿液中的排泄量来估算母体化合物的摄入量。一旦确定了估计日摄入量（EDI），就通过与特定指南值进行比较来进行风险评估，并计算危害指数（HI）以评估累积健康风险。EDI 以马拉硫磷、二嗪磷、对硫磷、磷胺和乐果当量表示。突出了孕妇、一般人群、儿童和农民之间的暴露差异，并按国家和采样年份展示了暴露情况。农民的 OPs 暴露水平最高，其次是儿童，而孕妇的暴露水平较低。儿童的 HQ 值中位数在 0.016 到 0.618 之间，孕妇在 0.005 到 0.151 之间，一般人群在 0.008 到 0.206 之间，农民在 0.009 到 0.979 之间。乐果和磷胺的联合暴露是最严重的情况。尿中 DAPs 的年度分布表明，自 1998 年以来，儿童和成人接触 OPs 的情况趋于稳定。
