Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, 22 Konarskiego St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Jan;244:351-360. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.060. Epub 2018 Oct 16.
The occurrence and concentrations of a wide range of organic phosphates (OPEs) in vehicle's exhaust (VPM), ambient air particulate matter (APM), and soil of various urban environments were researched. VPM comes from passenger cars, commercial vehicles, marine and bus engines emitted in New European Driving Cycle tests whereas APM was sampled in several sites of the Upper Silesia region (Poland). APM and VPM collected on filters and soil from the same locations as APM sampling sites were extracted with dichloromethane and extracts analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The OPEs found include aryl phosphates such as triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), alkyl phosphates - triethyl phosphate (TEP), tripropyl phosphate (TPP), tributyl phosphate (TBP) and tri(butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and alkylchlorinated phosphates including tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Occurrence and concentrations of these compounds in the PM investigated are highly variable. It was found that total concentrations in APM are directly related to traffic density in particular sites of the urban environment and a style of a vehicle driving. The highest emission of OPEs was found at a crossroad and city center sites where traffic is the densest and vehicles stops and starts are frequent. Village and residential areas were less exposed to OPEs emission. Since OPEs concentrations show exponential correlations to each other also human exposure to these compounds increases exponentially with increasing traffic density. High TEP and TBP level is tentatively proposed as an indicator of emission from petrol-fueled cars. Concentrations of OPEs in some soil are related to their emission to the air and resistance to degradation of a particular compound since only the most resistant TCiPP and TPhP were identified in soil extracts.
研究了车辆废气（VPM）、环境空气颗粒物（APM）和各种城市环境土壤中广泛存在的有机磷酸盐（OPEs）的发生和浓度。VPM 来自于在新欧洲驾驶循环测试中排放的乘用车、商用车、海洋和公共汽车发动机，而 APM 则在波兰上西里西亚地区的多个地点进行采样。APM 和 VPM 分别采集自过滤器和与 APM 采样地点相同位置的土壤，用二氯甲烷提取，并用气相色谱-质谱法进行分析。所发现的 OPEs 包括芳基磷酸盐，如磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）和磷酸三邻甲苯酯（TCP）、烷基磷酸盐-三乙磷酸酯（TEP）、三丙磷酸酯（TPP）、三丁基磷酸酯（TBP）和三（丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（TBEP），以及烷基氯代磷酸酯，包括磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯（TCiPP）和磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（TCEP）。研究中 PM 中这些化合物的存在和浓度变化很大。研究发现，APM 中的总浓度与城市环境特定地点的交通密度以及车辆行驶方式直接相关。在交通最密集、车辆频繁停车和启动的十字路口和市中心地点，发现 OPEs 的排放量最高。村庄和住宅区受 OPEs 排放的影响较小。由于 OPEs 浓度之间存在指数相关性，因此随着交通密度的增加，人类接触这些化合物的程度也会呈指数增加。TEP 和 TBP 水平较高，可作为汽油燃料汽车排放的指标。一些土壤中 OPEs 的浓度与其向空气中的排放以及特定化合物的降解抗性有关，因为仅在土壤提取物中鉴定出了最具抗性的 TCiPP 和 TPhP。
