Separation Engineering Laboratory (LES), Department of Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, 13635-900 Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Food Res Int. 2018 Dec;114:20-29. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.055. Epub 2018 Jul 31.
Cocoa shell (CS) is a co-product of the cocoa industry used mainly as fuel for boilers but with secondary applications as fertilizer and in animal feed. Although it is known that this material is rich in flavanols and alkaloids, to date, a study has not been conducted that has quantitatively identified these compounds in CS. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize CS in terms of its composition, regarding catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, caffeine and theobromine, and to evaluate the extraction kinetics of the total flavanols using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with absolute ethanol. For the determination of the extraction kinetic data, the DMAC method was used, while each compound was quantified using a UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The major compounds found were theobromine and epicatechin (mean values of 9.89 and 3.5 mg/g CS, respectively). PLE proved to be quite effective; the flavanols extraction yield was enhanced by increasing the temperature and extraction time however, high extraction times and temperatures degraded the procyanidins B2. Peleg's model applied to extraction data description provided a reasonable agreement with the experimental results, which allows their application in modeling and optimization of solid-liquid extraction of the total flavanols from cocoa bean shell.
可可壳（CS）是可可加工业的副产品，主要用作锅炉燃料，但也有次要用途，如肥料和动物饲料。尽管已知这种材料富含黄烷醇和生物碱，但迄今为止，尚未进行过定量分析 CS 中这些化合物的研究。因此，本工作的目的是从组成方面对 CS 进行表征，涉及儿茶素、表儿茶素、原花青素 B2、咖啡因和可可碱，并使用加压液体萃取（PLE）用无水乙醇评估总黄烷醇的萃取动力学。为了确定萃取动力学数据，使用 DMAC 法，而使用 UPLC-MS/MS 分析定量每个化合物。发现的主要化合物是可可碱和表儿茶素（CS 的平均值分别为 9.89 和 3.5mg/g）。PLE 被证明非常有效；通过提高温度和提取时间来提高黄烷醇的提取率，但是，过高的提取时间和温度会降解原花青素 B2。Peleg 模型应用于萃取数据描述与实验结果吻合较好，这允许在可可豆壳中总黄烷醇的固液萃取的建模和优化中应用。
