Environmental parameters to assessing of heat stress in dairy cattle-a review.

Considering the significant influence of high ambient temperature and heat waves on the well-being and productivity of dairy cows, it is to be expected that, in the course of the next few decades, climate conditions for raising cattle will deteriorate. Research has shown that heat stress causes many negative consequences in terms of physiological and behavioural disturbances and significant losses in milk production. The effort to reduce the risk of the occurrence of heat stress among dairy cows also involves the search for new environmental methods of predicting heat stress. The aim of this paper is to review and systematise the current state of knowledge on the topic of the most widely used environmental methods of determining and predicting heat stress in dairy cows and also to show the directions of studies for the future. Based on an analysis of the most popular indexes, the study evaluated their suitability for forecasting heat stress related to maintenance systems and climate conditions for cows. However, the negative results of heat stress often appear with a delay, and a carry-over effect may be experienced (summer heat stress may affect the cows until autumn). The time of the year and breed of cows could have a big impact on when animals become sensitive to increasing heat loads. This likely can be a big contributor to the discrepancies within the different heat stress equations. It is essential to prevent the occurrence of heat stress, predicting it by observing local microclimate conditions and using meteorological forecasts. Thanks to these measures, a breeder may prepare and implement suitable solutions for protecting the animals.