Glas Saskia, Spierings Niels, Scheepers Peer
Radboud University, the Netherlands.
Gend Soc. 2018 Oct;32(5):686-712. doi: 10.1177/0891243218783670. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
Much is said about Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) publics opposing gender equality, often referring to patriarchal Islam. However, nuanced large-scale studies addressing which specific aspects of religiosity affect support for gender equality across the MENA are conspicuously absent. This study develops and tests a gendered agentic socialization framework that proposes that MENA citizens are not only passively socialized by religion but also have agency (within their religiosity). This disaggregates the influence of religiosity, highlights its multifacetedness, and theorizes the moderating roles that gender and sociocognitive empowerment play via gendered processes of agentic dissociations. Using 15 World Values Surveys and multilevel models, our analyses show that most dimensions of religiosity fuel opposition to gender equality. However, the salience of religion in daily life is found to increase women's support for gender equality and cushion the negative impact of religious service attendance. Also, gender and education moderate the impacts of several religiosity dimensions; for instance, women's (initially greater) support for gender equality more sharply declines with increased service attendance than men's. Altogether, this study finds that religious socialization is multifaceted and gendered, and that certain men and women are inclined and equipped to deviate from dominant patriarchal religious interpretations.
关于中东和北非（MENA）地区民众反对性别平等的说法很多，这些说法常常提及父权制的伊斯兰教。然而，针对宗教信仰的哪些具体方面会影响整个中东和北非地区对性别平等的支持，却明显缺乏细致入微的大规模研究。本研究开发并测试了一个具有性别特征的能动社会化框架，该框架提出，中东和北非地区的公民不仅会被动地接受宗教社会化，而且（在其宗教信仰范围内）也具有能动性。这一框架剖析了宗教信仰的影响，突出了其多面性，并通过能动解离的性别化过程，对性别和社会认知赋权所起的调节作用进行了理论阐释。利用15次世界价值观调查和多层次模型，我们的分析表明，宗教信仰的大多数维度都会引发对性别平等的反对。然而，研究发现，宗教在日常生活中的显著性会增加女性对性别平等的支持，并缓冲参加宗教仪式带来的负面影响。此外，性别和教育会调节宗教信仰几个维度的影响；例如，随着参加宗教仪式次数的增加，女性（最初更大）对性别平等的支持比男性下降得更明显。总的来说，本研究发现宗教社会化是多面的且具有性别特征，并且某些男性和女性倾向于且有能力偏离占主导地位的父权制宗教解释。
