Effects of extracellular acidity on resistance to chemotherapy treatment: a systematic review.

Metabolic alterations in the tumor microenvironment have a complex effect on cancer progression. Extracellular acidity is a consequence of metabolic switch in cancer and results in cell phenotypes with higher resistance to chemotherapeutics. However, mechanisms underlying the relationship between the extracellular acidity and chemoresistance are not clearly understood. This systematic review was carried out by searching the databases PubMed and EMBASE using the keywords "cancer" and "acidosis" or "acidic" and "chemoresistance" or "drug resistance." In vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated the effects of acidification of the tumor microenvironment on chemotherapeutic treatments were included. Literature reviews, letters to the editor, and articles that were not published in English were excluded. The search resulted in a total of 352 articles. After discarding 75 duplicate references, 277 articles were analyzed by sequentially reading through their titles, abstracts, and finally full-text. A total of 14 articles was selected. Acidification of the tumor microenvironment can trigger resistance through different mechanisms, such as increase in drug efflux transporters, inhibition of proton pumps, induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and cellular autophagy.