Greenough W T, Black J E, Wallace C S
Child Dev. 1987 Jun;58(3):539-59.
This article considers how experience can influence the developing and mature brain and proposes a new categorization scheme based upon the type of information stored and the brain mechanisms that appear to be involved in storing it. In this scheme, experience-expectant information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is ubiquitous in the environment and common to all species members, such as the basic elements of pattern perception. Experience-expectant processes appear to have evolved as a neural preparation for incorporating specific information: in many sensory systems, synaptic connections between nerve cells are overproduced, and a subsequent selection process occurs in which aspects of sensory experience determine the pattern of connections that remains. Experience-dependent information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is idiosyncratic, or unique to the individual, such as learning about one's specific physical environment or vocabulary. The neural basis of experience-dependent processes appears to involve active formation of new synaptic connections in response to the events providing the information to be stored. Although these processes probably do not occur entirely independently of one another in development, the categories offer a new view more in accord with neural mechanisms than were terms like "critical" or "sensitive period."
本文探讨了经验如何影响发育中的大脑和成熟大脑，并基于所存储信息的类型以及似乎参与存储信息的大脑机制，提出了一种新的分类方案。在该方案中，经验期望型信息存储是指纳入环境中普遍存在且所有物种成员共有的环境信息，比如模式感知的基本要素。经验期望型过程似乎已经演化为一种用于纳入特定信息的神经准备：在许多感觉系统中，神经细胞之间的突触连接过度产生，随后会发生一个选择过程，在这个过程中，感觉经验的各个方面决定了最终保留的连接模式。经验依赖型信息存储是指纳入个体特有的或独特的环境信息，比如了解自己特定的物理环境或词汇。经验依赖型过程的神经基础似乎涉及响应提供待存储信息的事件而主动形成新的突触连接。尽管在发育过程中这些过程可能并非完全相互独立地发生，但与“关键期”或“敏感期”等术语相比，这些类别提供了一种更符合神经机制的新观点。
