Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester 4510 Wegmans Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
Chem Rec. 2019 May;19(5):859-872. doi: 10.1002/tcr.201800099. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
Increasing numbers of studies in the past few decades have demonstrated vertically-oriented nanoneedles arrays (NNAs) as innovative tools to interrogate and manipulate biological cells, where the needles are inserted into the cells as functional probes for high-throughput detection and biomolecule delivery. However, majority of these studies use mammalian cells: leaving NNA application to plant cells still in its infancy and largely unexplored. This paper highlights our contributions in exploring the utility of NNAs to microalgae - a diverse group of aquatic, photosynthetic organisms studied intensively as bio-factories for producing high-value-added products such as fuels and pharmaceuticals. Microalgal strain development processes have long suffered from the hard cell wall that surrounds the cell and inhibits delivery of foreign materials into the cell. Conically-shaped, metallic NNAs were developed with template synthesis that successfully penetrate through the cell wall barrier and achieve material injection - using the widely studied model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Earlier works from mammalian cells are introduced and discussed to clarify the framework established in this field, while recent studies of both mammalian and microalgal cells are also referenced to examine the trends, challenges, and future perspectives of NNA application to microalgae.
在过去几十年中，越来越多的研究表明垂直纳米针阵列（NNAs）是一种创新的工具，可以用于研究和操纵生物细胞，将针插入细胞中作为用于高通量检测和生物分子传递的功能探针。然而，这些研究大多数都使用哺乳动物细胞：将 NNA 应用于植物细胞仍处于起步阶段，并且很大程度上尚未得到探索。本文重点介绍了我们在探索 NNAs 在微藻中的应用方面的贡献，微藻是一组多样化的水生、光合生物，它们被广泛研究作为生产高附加值产品（如燃料和药物）的生物工厂。微藻菌株的开发过程长期受到包围细胞的坚硬细胞壁的限制，这阻碍了外来物质进入细胞。使用模板合成方法开发了锥形金属 NNAs，成功穿透细胞壁障碍并实现了物质注入——使用广泛研究的模式微藻莱茵衣藻。本文还介绍和讨论了来自哺乳动物细胞的早期研究工作，以阐明该领域建立的框架，同时还参考了哺乳动物和微藻细胞的最新研究，以检查 NNA 在微藻中的应用的趋势、挑战和未来展望。
