Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Feb 1;231:483-493. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.066. Epub 2018 Oct 26.
The potential water demand for fracturing fluids along with the possible flowback and produced water production is assessed for the Dutch Posidonia shale. Total water demand estimated for 25 years of the field development using historic data from the U.S. plays varies between 12.2 and 36.9 Mm. The maximal annual water consumption of 0.95-2.88 Mm is expected in the peak years of shale gas production. These figures are much lower than the availability of any potential water sources, which include drinking water, fresh and brackish groundwater, river water, effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and sea water. River water is considered the most promising water source for fracturing fluids in the Dutch Posidonia shale based on its availability (>6·10 Mm/year) and quality (only bacterial composition needs to be controlled). Total wastewater production for the whole period of the field development is estimated between 6.6 and 48.0 Mm. Wastewater recycling can cover significant part of the source water demand for fracturing fluid. However, high mineral content of the wastewater as well as temporal and spatial discrepancies between wastewater production and water demand will form obstacles for wastewater recycling. The assessment framework developed in this study may be applied for other shale gas fields with high uncertainties regarding subsurface properties, connate formation water characteristics and future legislative framework.
对荷兰波西多尼亚页岩的压裂液潜在用水量以及可能的返排和产出水量进行了评估。使用来自美国的历史数据评估了 25 年的油田开发的总用水量，范围在 12.2 到 36.9Mm3 之间。在页岩气生产高峰期，预计每年的最高耗水量为 0.95-2.88Mm3。这些数字远低于任何潜在水源的供应量，包括饮用水、淡水和微咸地下水、河水、污水处理厂（WWTP）的废水和海水。基于可用性（>6.10Mm3/年）和质量（仅需控制细菌组成），河水被认为是荷兰波西多尼亚页岩压裂液最有前途的水源。整个油田开发期间的总废水产量估计在 6.6 到 48.0Mm3 之间。废水回收可以覆盖压裂液水源需求的很大一部分。然而，废水的高矿物质含量以及废水产生和水需求之间的时空差异将成为废水回收的障碍。本研究中开发的评估框架可应用于其他具有地下特性、原生地层水特性和未来立法框架高度不确定性的页岩气田。
