Duke/NSF Center for Emerging Cardiovascular Technologies, Emeritus Faculty of Surgery and of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University School of Medicine and Graduate School, Durham, NC, USA.
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Jan;126:23-35. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.10.024. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
Morphology underlies subdivision of the primary/heritable sarcomeric cardiomyopathies (CMs) into hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM). Next-generation DNA-sequencing (NGS) has identified important disease-variants, improving CM diagnosis, management, genetic screening, and prognosis. Although monogenic (Mendelian) analyses directly point at downstream studies, they disregard coexisting genomic variations and gene-by-gene interactions molding detailed CM-phenotypes. In-place of polygenic models, in accounting for observed defective genotype-phenotype correlations, fuzzy concepts having gradations of significance and unsharp domain-boundaries are invoked, including pleiotropy, genetic-heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, and variable expressivity. HCM and DCM undoubtedly entail cooperativity of unidentified/elusive causative genomic-variants. Modern genomics can exploit comprehensive electronic/digital health records, facilitating consideration of multifactorial variant-models. Genome-wide association studies entailing high-fidelity solid-state catheterization, multimodal-imaging, molecular cardiology, systems biology and bioinformatics, will decipher accurate genotype-phenotype correlations and identify novel therapeutic-targets, fostering personalized medicine/cardiology. This review surveys successes and challenges of genetic/genomic approaches to CMs, and their impact on current and future clinical care.
形态学是将原发性/遗传性肌节性心肌病 (CM) 细分为肥厚型 (HCM) 和扩张型 (DCM) 的基础。下一代 DNA 测序 (NGS) 已经确定了重要的疾病变异,从而改善了 CM 的诊断、管理、基因筛查和预后。尽管单基因 (孟德尔) 分析直接指向下游研究,但它们忽略了共存的基因组变异和基因间相互作用,这些因素塑造了详细的 CM 表型。在多基因模型中,为了解释观察到的缺陷基因型-表型相关性,引入了模糊概念,包括多效性、遗传异质性、不完全外显率和可变表达性,这些概念具有不同程度的意义和不清晰的域边界。HCM 和 DCM 无疑需要不明/难以捉摸的致病基因组变异的协同作用。现代基因组学可以利用全面的电子/数字健康记录,促进多因素变异模型的考虑。全基因组关联研究需要高保真固态导管插入术、多模态成像、分子心脏病学、系统生物学和生物信息学,将解析准确的基因型-表型相关性,并确定新的治疗靶点,促进个性化医学/心脏病学。本综述调查了 CM 的遗传/基因组方法的成功和挑战,以及它们对当前和未来临床护理的影响。