Grbić E, Peterlin A, Kunej T, Petrovič D
University of Tuzla, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Balkan J Med Genet. 2018 Oct 29;21(1):39-46. doi: 10.2478/bjmg-2018-0011. eCollection 2018 Jun.
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. It is characterized by the formation of a plaque in the walls of middle and large arteries leading to macrovascular complications. Several risk factors are included, with diabetes being one of the most important for the onset and development of atherosclerosis. Due to an increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the world, the incidence of diabetic complications (microvascular and macrovascular) is increasing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a important role in atherosclerotic processes. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors, has a great presence in fat tissue, macrophages, and regulates gene expression and most of the processes that lead to the onset and development of atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the basic patho-physiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, we discuss the impact of PPARγ polymorphisms, and the epigenetic mechanisms affecting the onset of atherosclerosis, , DNA methylation and demethylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation, and RNA-based mechanisms. Moreover, we add therapeutic possibilities for acting on epigenetic mechanisms in order to prevent the onset and progression of atherosclerosis.
动脉粥样硬化是发达国家死亡率和发病率的主要原因。其特征是在中大型动脉壁上形成斑块，导致大血管并发症。包括多种危险因素，其中糖尿病是动脉粥样硬化发生和发展的最重要因素之一。由于全球糖尿病患病率上升，糖尿病并发症（微血管和大血管并发症）的发生率正在增加。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）在动脉粥样硬化过程中起重要作用。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ属于核受体超家族，在脂肪组织、巨噬细胞中大量存在，并调节基因表达以及导致动脉粥样硬化发生和发展的大多数过程。在本综述中，我们讨论2型糖尿病（T2DM）中动脉粥样硬化的基本病理生理机制。此外，我们讨论PPARγ多态性的影响，以及影响动脉粥样硬化发生的表观遗传机制，即DNA甲基化和去甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化以及基于RNA的机制。此外，我们还增加了作用于表观遗传机制以预防动脉粥样硬化发生和进展的治疗可能性。
