Knyazeva Marina, Rozo Vasquez Julian, Gondecki Leonard, Weibring Max, Pöhl Fabian, Kipp Monika, Tenberge Peter, Theisen Werner, Walther Frank, Biermann Dirk
Department of Materials Test Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
Chair of Industrial and Automotive Drivetrains, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Materials (Basel). 2018 Nov 15;11(11):2290. doi: 10.3390/ma11112290.
The evaluation of wear progress of gear tooth flanks made of 16MnCr5 was performed using non-destructive micro-magnetic testing, specifically Barkhausen noise (BN) and incremental permeability (IP). Based on the physical interaction of the microstructure with the magnetic field, the micro-magnetic characterization allowed the analysis of changes of microstructure caused by wear, including phase transformation and development of residual stresses. Due to wide parameter variation and application of bandpass filter frequencies of micro-magnetic signals, it was possible to indicate and separate the main damage mechanisms considering the wear development. It could be shown that the maximum amplitude of BN correlates directly with the profile form deviation and increases with the progress of wear. Surface investigations via optical and scanning electron microscopy indicated strong surface fatigue wear with micro-pitting and micro-cracks, evident in cross-section after 3 × 10⁵ cycles. The result of fatigue on the surface layer was the decrease of residual compression stresses, which was indicated by means of coercivity by BN-analysis. The different topographies of the surfaces, characterized via confocal white light microscopy, were also reflected in maximum BN-amplitude. Using complementary microscopic characterization in the cross-section, a strong correlation between micro-magnetic parameters and microstructure was confirmed and wear progress was characterized in dependence of depth under the wear surface. The phase transformation of retained austenite into martensite according to wear development, measured by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was also detected by micro-magnetic testing by IP-analysis.
采用无损微磁测试，特别是巴克豪森噪声（BN）和增量磁导率（IP），对由16MnCr5制成的齿轮齿面磨损进展进行了评估。基于微观结构与磁场的物理相互作用，微磁表征能够分析磨损引起的微观结构变化，包括相变和残余应力的发展。由于微磁信号的参数变化范围广以及带通滤波器频率的应用，考虑到磨损发展情况，有可能指出并区分主要的损伤机制。结果表明，BN的最大幅值与齿廓形状偏差直接相关，并随着磨损的进展而增加。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜进行的表面研究表明，存在严重的表面疲劳磨损，伴有微点蚀和微裂纹，在3×10⁵次循环后的横截面中很明显。表面层疲劳的结果是残余压应力的降低，这通过BN分析的矫顽力得以体现。通过共焦白光显微镜表征的不同表面形貌，也反映在BN最大幅值中。在横截面中使用互补的微观表征，证实了微磁参数与微观结构之间的强相关性，并根据磨损表面以下的深度对磨损进展进行了表征。通过X射线衍射（XRD）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）测量的残余奥氏体向马氏体的相变，根据磨损发展情况，也通过IP分析的微磁测试检测到了。
