Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2019 Jan;130:478-488. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.010. Epub 2018 Nov 14.
Emerging evidence supports a beneficial action of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) on insulin sensitivity and potential impact on the development/progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In humans, supplementation with EC-rich foods, extracts, and pure EC improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in normal weight, overweight, obese and T2D individuals. These effects of EC are also observed in rodent models of diet-induced obesity and T2D. The events involved in the development of insulin resistance and T2D are multiple and interrelated. EC has been shown to inhibit inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and to regulate events in the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas that impact glucose homeostasis. A downregulation of oxidant production, particularly through direct inhibition or suppression of NADPH oxidase expression, and of redox sensitive signals (NF-κB, JNK1/2) that inhibit the insulin pathway, appear to be central to the beneficial actions of EC on insulin sensitivity. Overall, EC seems to have a positive role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, however definitive answers on its importance for the management of T2D will depend on further clinical and mechanistic studies.
新出现的证据支持黄烷-3-醇（(-)-表儿茶素）（EC）对胰岛素敏感性的有益作用，并可能对 2 型糖尿病（T2D）的发展/进展产生影响。在人类中，富含 EC 的食物、提取物和纯 EC 的补充可改善正常体重、超重、肥胖和 T2D 个体的胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖耐量。在饮食诱导肥胖和 T2D 的啮齿动物模型中也观察到了 EC 的这些作用。涉及胰岛素抵抗和 T2D 发展的事件是多样且相互关联的。EC 已被证明可抑制炎症、氧化和内质网应激，调节线粒体生物发生和功能，并调节影响葡萄糖稳态的胃肠道和胰腺中的事件。氧化产物的产生下调，特别是通过直接抑制或抑制 NADPH 氧化酶的表达，以及抑制胰岛素途径的氧化还原敏感信号（NF-κB、JNK1/2），似乎是 EC 对胰岛素敏感性的有益作用的核心。总的来说，EC 似乎在调节葡萄糖稳态方面发挥着积极作用，但其对 T2D 管理的重要性的明确答案将取决于进一步的临床和机制研究。
