Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier, Martín-Rodríguez Alexandra, Beltrán-Velasco Ana Isabel, Rubio-Zarapuz Alejandro, Martínez-Guardado Ismael, Valcárcel-Martín Roberto, Tornero-Aguilera José Francisco
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
Faculty of Health Sciences, UNIE University, 28015 Madrid, Spain.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jun 13;14(6):725. doi: 10.3390/antiox14060725.
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation, contributing to insulin resistance and long-term complications. Dietary antioxidants from plant sources, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids, have been increasingly studied for their potential to modulate these pathophysiological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current evidence on the biological effects, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges of plant-derived antioxidants in the prevention and management of T2DM. METHODS: This narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Emphasis was placed on mechanistic studies, clinical trials, bioavailability data, and advances in formulation technologies related to antioxidant compounds in the context of T2DM. RESULTS: Plant antioxidants exert beneficial effects by modulating oxidative stress, reducing systemic inflammation, and improving insulin signaling pathways. However, their clinical application is limited by low bioavailability, chemical instability, and high interindividual variability. Recent developments, such as nanoencapsulation, synergistic functional food formulations, and microbiome-targeted strategies, have shown promise in enhancing efficacy. Additionally, personalized nutrition approaches and regulatory advances are emerging to support the integration of antioxidant-based interventions into diabetes care. CONCLUSIONS: Plant-derived antioxidants represent a promising complementary tool for T2DM management. Nonetheless, their effective clinical use depends on overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations and validating their long-term efficacy in well-designed trials. Integrating food technology, microbiome science, and precision nutrition will be crucial to translate these compounds into safe, scalable, and personalized therapeutic options for individuals with or at risk of T2DM.
背景：2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种慢性代谢紊乱疾病，其特征为持续性高血糖、氧化应激和炎症，会导致胰岛素抵抗和长期并发症。来自植物来源的膳食抗氧化剂，如多酚、黄酮类化合物、类胡萝卜素和酚酸，因其调节这些病理生理机制的潜力而受到越来越多的研究。 目的：本综述旨在总结并批判性分析目前关于植物源性抗氧化剂在T2DM预防和管理中的生物学效应、治疗潜力及转化挑战的证据。 方法：本叙述性综述使用了来自PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science的同行评审文献。重点关注在T2DM背景下与抗氧化化合物相关的机制研究、临床试验、生物利用度数据以及制剂技术的进展。 结果：植物抗氧化剂通过调节氧化应激、减轻全身炎症和改善胰岛素信号通路发挥有益作用。然而，它们的临床应用受到低生物利用度、化学不稳定性和个体间高度变异性的限制。纳米包封、协同功能食品配方和针对微生物群的策略等最新进展已显示出提高疗效的前景。此外，个性化营养方法和监管进展正在出现，以支持将基于抗氧化剂的干预措施纳入糖尿病护理。 结论：植物源性抗氧化剂是T2DM管理中一种有前景的辅助工具。尽管如此，它们的有效临床应用取决于克服药代动力学限制并在精心设计的试验中验证其长期疗效。整合食品技术、微生物群科学和精准营养对于将这些化合物转化为针对T2DM患者或有T2DM风险个体的安全、可扩展和个性化治疗选择至关重要。
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