Mashavakure N, Mashingaidze A B, Musundire R, Gandiwa E, Muposhi V K, Thierfelder C, Nhamo N, Bere T, Akhtar S S
School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.
School of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.
J Nematol. 2018;50(3):329-342. doi: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-033.
Conservation agriculture (CA) based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotation has been the focus of intensive research in recent years. A study was carried out to determine the effects of tillage and fertilizer on the population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes in maize. Three tillage regimes, (i) basin planting, (ii) rip line seeding, and (iii) conventional tillage, were combined with four fertilizer regimes: (i) no-fertilizer, (ii) low fertilizer rate, (iii) medium fertilizer rate, and (iv) high fertilizer rate. The experiment was arranged as a split plot in randomized complete block design, replicated three times with tillage as the main plot factor and fertilizer as the sub-plot factor. The study was conducted on fine-textured Cambisol soils at Chinhoyi University of Technology farm, Zimbabwe, over two cropping seasons between December 2014 and April 2016. Eight plant-parasitic nematode genera were observed belonging to five groups based on their feeding sites: (i) sedentary endoparasites ( Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus ), (ii) migratory endoparasites ( Pratylenchus ), (iii) semi-endoparasites ( Scutelonema and Helicotylenchus ), (iv) ectoparasites ( Xiphinema and Trichodorus ), and (v) algal, lichen or moss feeders ( Tylenchus ). In both cropping seasons, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were double under rip line seeding and triple under basin planting compared to conventional tillage. Basin planting had higher plant-parasitic nematode richness than rip line seeding. Nematode densities did not have a measurable effect on maize grain yield. Maize grain yield was higher in rip line seeding (37%) and planting basins (52%) than conventional tillage during 2014/15 cropping season. On the other hand, during 2015/16 cropping season, maize grain yield was 78% and 113% higher in rip line seeding and basin planting, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. The results show that under the environmental and edaphic conditions of this specific study site, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were higher under rip line seeding and basin planting compared to conventional tillage. The authors conclude that (i) plant-parasitic nematode genera exhibited differential responses to different tillage systems but were not affected by fertilizer application, and (ii) in the present study, maize grain yield response under different tillage and fertilizer regimes was overall not related to nematode population density and composition.
基于最小土壤扰动、作物残茬保留和作物轮作原则的保护性农业（CA）近年来一直是深入研究的重点。开展了一项研究以确定耕作和施肥对玉米中植物寄生线虫种群密度的影响。三种耕作方式，（i）垄作，（ii）开沟播种，和（iii）传统耕作，与四种施肥方式相结合：（i）不施肥，（ii）低施肥量，（iii）中等施肥量，和（iv）高施肥量。试验采用随机完全区组设计的裂区试验，以耕作为主区因素、施肥为副区因素重复三次。该研究于2014年12月至2016年4月的两个种植季节在津巴布韦奇诺伊科技大学农场的质地细的始成土上进行。观察到八个植物寄生线虫属，根据其取食部位分为五组：（i）定居内寄生线虫（根结线虫属和螺旋线虫属），（ii）迁移内寄生线虫（短体线虫属），（iii）半内寄生线虫（盾线虫属和螺旋线虫属），（iv）外寄生线虫（剑线虫属和毛刺线虫属），以及（v）藻类、地衣或苔藓取食者（茎线虫属）。在两个种植季节中，与传统耕作相比，半内寄生线虫在开沟播种下增加了一倍，在垄作下增加了两倍。垄作的植物寄生线虫丰富度高于开沟播种。线虫密度对玉米籽粒产量没有可测量的影响。在2014/15种植季节，开沟播种（37%）和垄作（52%）的玉米籽粒产量高于传统耕作。另一方面，在2015/16种植季节，与传统耕作相比，开沟播种和垄作的玉米籽粒产量分别高出78%和113%。结果表明，在该特定研究地点的环境和土壤条件下，与传统耕作相比，开沟播种和垄作下的半内寄生线虫数量更多。作者得出结论：（i）植物寄生线虫属对不同耕作系统表现出不同的反应，但不受施肥的影响，以及（ii）在本研究中，不同耕作和施肥方式下玉米籽粒产量的反应总体上与线虫种群密度和组成无关。
