Blondin Denis P, Haman François
Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;156:153-173. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63912-7.00010-2.
Humans have inherited complex neural circuits which drive behavioral, somatic, and autonomic thermoregulatory responses to defend their body temperature. While they are well adapted to dissipate heat in warm climates, they have a reduced capacity to preserve it in cold environments. Consequently, heat production is critical to defending their core temperature. As in other large mammals, skeletal muscles are the primary source of heat production recruited in cold-exposed humans. This is achieved voluntarily in the form of contractions from exercising muscles or involuntarily in the form of contractions from shivering muscles and the recruitment of nonshivering mechanisms. This review describes our current understanding of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles, from the neural circuitry driving their recruitment to the metabolic substrates that fuel them. The presence of these heat-producing mechanisms can be measured in vivo by combining indirect respiratory calorimetry with electromyography or biomedical imaging modalities. Indeed, much of what is known regarding shivering in humans and other animal models stems from studies performed using these methods combined with in situ and in vivo neurologic techniques. More recent investigations have focused on understanding the metabolic processes that produce the heat from both contracting and noncontracting mechanisms. With the growing interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of shivering and nonshivering skeletal muscle to counter the effects of neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, we expect this field to continue its growth in the coming years.
人类继承了复杂的神经回路，这些回路驱动行为、躯体和自主的体温调节反应以维持体温。虽然人类很适应在温暖气候中散热，但在寒冷环境中保存热量的能力却有所下降。因此，产热对于维持核心体温至关重要。与其他大型哺乳动物一样，骨骼肌是寒冷环境中人类产热的主要来源。这可以通过运动肌肉的收缩以自愿的形式实现，或者通过颤抖肌肉的收缩以及非颤抖机制的募集以非自愿的形式实现。这篇综述描述了我们目前对骨骼肌中颤抖和非颤抖产热的理解，从驱动其募集的神经回路到为其提供能量的代谢底物。这些产热机制的存在可以通过将间接呼吸量热法与肌电图或生物医学成像方式相结合在体内进行测量。事实上，关于人类和其他动物模型中颤抖的许多已知信息都源于使用这些方法结合原位和体内神经学技术进行的研究。最近的研究集中在理解由收缩和非收缩机制产生热量的代谢过程。随着人们对颤抖和非颤抖骨骼肌在对抗神经肌肉、心血管和代谢疾病影响方面潜在治疗益处的兴趣日益浓厚，我们预计该领域在未来几年将继续发展。
