Yale University, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale University, Center for Industrial Ecology, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Yale University, Center for Industrial Ecology, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Waste Manag. 2018 Oct;80:137-143. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.008. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
Waste-sector greenhouse gas emissions have long been accepted as a critical component of climate change mitigation efforts because of the significant radiative forcing of methane (CH) production from municipal landfills and other emissions from waste management processes. In developed countries, waste generation is expected to peak and decline by the end of the century, whereas waste generation is rapidly rising in many developing nations. The extent to which the countries of the world are planning to handle future quantities of waste has not been explored in detail. This work provides the first detailed account of future waste management planning and waste-sector mitigation strategies through an analysis of stated commitments in the 174 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs, documents outlining each country's actions to mitigate carbon emissions and adapt to a changing climate) that have been filed to date within the Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat in Bonn. One-hundred thirty-seven of 174 countries that submitted NDCs included waste-sector emission mitigation actions, representing approximately 85% of all global emissions. About half (67) of the countries that included waste sector mitigation tactics identified infrastructure or policy actions to meet mitigation commitments, but these strategies vary widely in their scope and level of detail. Landfilling was the most commonly-cited waste-sector commitment (n = 47), followed by deriving energy from waste through various techniques (n = 42). Countries targeting improved solid waste collections had less extensive coverage (µ = 38% of generated waste collected) than countries that did not prioritize improved collections (µ = 46% of waste generation), but countries not prioritizing the waste sector at all in NDCs had the most limited waste collection coverage (µ = 33%). Almost all of the countries that specified emissions inventory assumptions (132 of 135) use outdated CH global warming potential values which, coupled with missing or poor waste management data suggests many countries may be underestimating the importance of waste sector emissions in national emissions portfolios. Several examples of data collection and reporting models are identified that can help to inform and potentially improve life-cycle environmental outcomes in the waste sector. Adaptation strategies detailed in NDCs have largely overlooked the waste sector, suggesting inadequate incorporation of future climate scenarios in waste sector infrastructure planning.
长期以来，废物部门的温室气体排放一直被视为气候变化缓解努力的一个关键组成部分，因为来自城市垃圾填埋场的甲烷（CH）产生和废物管理过程中的其他排放具有显著的辐射强迫。在发达国家，预计到本世纪末，废物产生量将达到峰值并开始下降，而在许多发展中国家，废物产生量正在迅速增加。世界各国计划如何处理未来的废物数量尚未得到详细探讨。本研究通过分析迄今为止在波恩气候公约秘书处提交的 174 个国家的国家确定贡献（NDC）文件中所做的承诺，首次详细介绍了未来的废物管理规划和废物部门缓解战略。在提交 NDC 的 174 个国家中有 137 个国家包括减少废物部门排放的行动，占全球排放量的约 85%。在纳入废物部门缓解策略的国家中，有一半（67）国家确定了基础设施或政策行动以履行缓解承诺，但这些策略在范围和详细程度上差异很大。填埋是最常被提及的废物部门承诺（n=47），其次是通过各种技术从废物中获取能源（n=42）。目标是提高固体废物收集的国家的覆盖范围较小（µ=收集的废物占产生废物的 38%），而没有优先提高收集的国家的覆盖范围较大（µ=废物产生的 46%），但在 NDC 中根本不优先考虑废物部门的国家的废物收集覆盖范围最有限（µ=33%）。几乎所有指定排放清单假设的国家（135 个中的 132 个）都使用过时的 CH 全球变暖潜能值，再加上废物管理数据的缺失或不完善，这表明许多国家可能低估了废物部门排放对国家排放组合的重要性。确定了一些数据收集和报告模型的示例，可以帮助告知并有可能改善废物部门的生命周期环境结果。NDC 中详细介绍的适应战略在很大程度上忽略了废物部门，表明在废物部门基础设施规划中没有充分纳入未来的气候情景。
