Rawla Prashanth, Sunkara Tagore, Muralidharan Pradhyumna, Raj Jeffrey Pradeep
Department of Internal Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, Virginia, United States.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, United States.
Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2018;22(3):141-150. doi: 10.5114/wo.2018.78941. Epub 2018 Sep 30.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver responsible for an increasing number of cancer-related deaths, especially in developing economies of Asia and Africa. A plethora of risk factors have been described in the literature. Some of the important ones include chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, environmental toxins such as aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary factors, metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus and obesity, and genetic and hereditary disorders. The development of HCC is complex involving sustained inflammatory damage leading to hepatocyte necrosis, regeneration, and fibrotic deposition. It also poses multiple challenges in diagnosis and treatment despite advances in diagnostic, surgical, and other therapeutic advancements. This is a narrative review of findings of multiple studies that were retrieved from electronic databases like PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane. We summarise the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and various risk factors for the development of HCC with a brief note on various prevention strategies.
肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的原发性肝癌，导致与癌症相关的死亡人数不断增加，尤其是在亚洲和非洲的发展中经济体。文献中描述了众多风险因素。一些重要因素包括慢性病毒性肝炎、肝硬化、黄曲霉毒素等环境毒素、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、饮酒、吸烟等生活方式因素以及饮食因素、糖尿病和肥胖等代谢性疾病，还有遗传和遗传性疾病。HCC的发展很复杂，涉及持续的炎症损伤，导致肝细胞坏死、再生和纤维化沉积。尽管在诊断、手术和其他治疗方面取得了进展，但它在诊断和治疗上仍带来多重挑战。这是一篇叙述性综述，对从PubMed、MEDLINE、Embase、谷歌学术、Scopus和Cochrane等电子数据库检索到的多项研究结果进行了总结。我们总结了目前关于HCC流行病学和各种发展风险因素的知识，并简要介绍了各种预防策略。
