Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 15;651(Pt 2):3253-3268. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
Global plastics production has reached 380 million metric tons in 2015, with around 40% used for packaging. Plastic packaging is diverse and made of multiple polymers and numerous additives, along with other components, such as adhesives or coatings. Further, packaging can contain residues from substances used during manufacturing, such as solvents, along with non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), such as impurities, oligomers, or degradation products. To characterize risks from chemicals potentially released during manufacturing, use, disposal, and/or recycling of packaging, comprehensive information on all chemicals involved is needed. Here, we present a database of Chemicals associated with Plastic Packaging (CPPdb), which includes chemicals used during manufacturing and/or present in final packaging articles. The CPPdb lists 906 chemicals likely associated with plastic packaging and 3377 substances that are possibly associated. Of the 906 chemicals likely associated with plastic packaging, 63 rank highest for human health hazards and 68 for environmental hazards according to the harmonized hazard classifications assigned by the European Chemicals Agency within the Classification, Labeling and Packaging (CLP) regulation implementing the United Nations' Globally Harmonized System (GHS). Further, 7 of the 906 substances are classified in the European Union as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT), or very persistent, very bioaccumulative (vPvB), and 15 as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). Thirty-four of the 906 chemicals are also recognized as EDC or potential EDC in the recent EDC report by the United Nations Environment Programme. The identified hazardous chemicals are used in plastics as monomers, intermediates, solvents, surfactants, plasticizers, stabilizers, biocides, flame retardants, accelerators, and colorants, among other functions. Our work was challenged by a lack of transparency and incompleteness of publicly available information on both the use and toxicity of numerous substances. The most hazardous chemicals identified here should be assessed in detail as potential candidates for substitution.
2015 年，全球塑料产量达到 3.8 亿吨，其中约 40%用于包装。塑料包装种类繁多，由多种聚合物和多种添加剂以及其他成分组成，如粘合剂或涂料。此外，包装可能含有制造过程中使用的物质（如溶剂）以及非故意添加物质（NIAS）（如杂质、低聚物或降解产物）的残留。为了描述在制造、使用、处置和/或回收包装过程中释放的化学物质的风险，需要综合了解所有涉及的化学物质。在这里，我们提出了一个与塑料包装相关的化学物质数据库（CPPdb），其中包括制造过程中使用的化学物质和/或最终包装制品中存在的化学物质。CPPdb 列出了 906 种可能与塑料包装相关的化学物质和 3377 种可能相关的物质。在 906 种可能与塑料包装相关的化学物质中，根据欧洲化学品管理局在实施联合国全球统一制度（GHS）的分类、标签和包装（CLP）法规内分配的统一危害分类，有 63 种对人类健康危害最大，68 种对环境危害最大。此外，在欧盟，有 7 种物质被归类为持久性、生物累积性和毒性（PBT）或非常持久性、非常生物累积性（vPvB），15 种物质被归类为内分泌干扰物（EDC）。在联合国环境规划署最近的 EDC 报告中，有 34 种物质也被认定为 EDC 或潜在的 EDC。在塑料中，这些鉴定出的危险化学物质被用作单体、中间体、溶剂、表面活性剂、增塑剂、稳定剂、杀生剂、阻燃剂、促进剂和着色剂等。我们的工作面临的挑战是，关于许多物质的使用和毒性的公开信息缺乏透明度和完整性。这里确定的最危险的化学物质应作为潜在替代品进行详细评估。
