The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Adv Mar Biol. 2018;81:23-58. doi: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.005. Epub 2018 Nov 7.
This review discusses the occurrence, impact, analysis and treatment of metformin and guanylurea in coastal aquatic environments of Canada, USA and Europe. Metformin, a biguanide in chemical classification, is widely used as one of the most effective first-line oral drugs for type 2 diabetes. It is difficult to be metabolized by the human body and exists in both urine and faeces samples in these regions. Guanylurea is metformin's biotransformation product. Consequently, significant concentrations of metformin and guanylurea have been reported in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and coastal aquatic environments. The maximum concentrations of metformin and guanylurea in surface water samples were as high as 59,000 and 4502ngL, respectively. Metformin can be absorbed in non-target organisms by plants and in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Guanylurea has a confirmed mitotic activity in plant cells. Analysis methods of metformin are currently developed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The removal of metformin from aquatic environments in the target regions is summarized. The review helps to fill a knowledge gap and provides insights for regulatory considerations. The potential options for managing these emerging pollutants are outlined too.
本综述讨论了二甲双胍和胍基脲在加拿大、美国和欧洲沿海水生环境中的出现、影响、分析和处理。二甲双胍在化学分类上属于双胍类，作为治疗 2 型糖尿病最有效的一线口服药物之一被广泛应用。它在人体内难以代谢，在这些地区的尿液和粪便样本中均有存在。胍基脲是二甲双胍的生物转化产物。因此，在废水处理厂（WWTP）和沿海水生环境中均有大量的二甲双胍和胍基脲被报道。在地表水样本中，二甲双胍和胍基脲的最高浓度分别高达 59000 和 4502ng/L。二甲双胍可以通过植物和大西洋三文鱼（Salmo salar）被非目标生物吸收。胍基脲在植物细胞中具有确定的有丝分裂活性。目前二甲双胍的分析方法是基于高效液相色谱（HPLC）和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）开发的。总结了目标区域中从水生环境中去除二甲双胍的情况。该综述有助于填补知识空白，并为监管考虑提供了一些见解。也概述了管理这些新兴污染物的潜在选择。
