Assembling biochar with various layered double hydroxides for enhancement of phosphorus recovery.

Highly efficient and cost-effective adsorbents for phosphate (P) recovery are the key to control eutrophication and recover phosphorus from waste streams to enhance food production. This study assembled corn stalk-derived biochar (BC) with various forms of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (B-M-LDH) through simultaneous pyrolysis of waste biomass and metal (i.e., Zn/Al, Mg/Al, and Ni/Fe) hydroxide precipitates. Batch sorption experiments evaluated the kinetics and isotherms of phosphate adsorption as well as the influence of pH value and co-existing anions. Morphological characterization showed that crystalline LDH flakes were impregnated within the framework of fabricated B-M-LDH composites. Superior P adsorption capacity (152.1 mg (P) g) and fast Elovich kinetics (5925 mg g h) could be achieved by the B-Zn/Al-LDH composite at pH 5. The P adsorption onto BC-LDHs was pH dependent and subjected to adverse influence of co-existing anions. Interlayer anion exchange and surface complexation were probably the predominant adsorption mechanisms at the studied phosphate concentration. Therefore, BC can be functionalized as mineral composites for enhancing P recovery and wastewater treatment.