Phosphorus recovery from ultrafiltered membrane wastewater by biochar adsorption columns: The effect of loading rates.

The present study used bench scale columns filled with biochar for phosphorous (P) recovery from real ultrafiltered wastewater. No studies are available about the potentiality of biochar using ultrafiltered real wastewater. Therefore, this study aimed to assess phosphate (PO ) recovery by biochar-packed columns employing real treated wastewater from an ultrafiltration process. Three flow rates were tested, specifically 0.7, 1.7 and 2.3 L h, to gain insights into the optimal working conditions. Results revealed that the maximum amount of PO recovery (namely, 3.43 mg g biochar) can be achieved after 7 h by employing the highest tested flow rate. Furthermore, the phosphorus exchange capacity (PEC) was inversely correlated with the feeding flow rate (FFR), with PEC values equal to 35, 25 and 9 % for FFR of 0.67, 1.7 and 2.3 L h, respectively. The pseudo-first order model best approximated the adsorption kinetics, thus suggesting that the adsorption of phosphate by biochar depends on its concentrations (i.e. physiosorption mechanism).