SINTEF Energy Research, Postboks 4761, Torgarden, 7465, Trondheim, Norway.
SINTEF Industry, P.O.Box 4760, Torgarden, 7465, Trondheim, Norway.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Jan;103(2):673-684. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9507-2. Epub 2018 Nov 24.
Increasing the overall carbon and energy efficiency by integration of thermal processes with biological ones has gained considerable attention lately, especially within biorefining. A technology that is capable of processing wet feedstock with good energy efficiency is advantageous. Such a technology, exploiting the special properties of hot compressed water is called hydrothermal liquefaction. The reaction traditionally considered to take place at moderate temperatures (200-350 °C) and high pressures (10-25 MPa) although recent findings show the benefits of increased pressure at higher temperature regions. Hydrothermal liquefaction is quite robust, and in theory, all wet feedstock, including residues and waste streams, can be processed. The main product is a so-called bio-crude or bio-oil, which is then further upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Hydrothermal liquefaction is currently at pilot/demo stage with several lab reactors and a few pilots already available as well as there are a few demonstration plants under construction. The applied conditions are quite severe for the processing equipment and materials, and several challenges remain before the technology is commercial. In this review, a description is given about the influence of the feedstock, relevant for integration with biological processing, as well as the processing conditions on the hydrothermal process and products composition. In addition, the relevant upgrading methods are presented.
通过将热工艺与生物工艺集成来提高整体碳和能源效率，最近引起了相当大的关注，特别是在生物炼制领域。能够以良好的能源效率处理湿原料的技术具有优势。这种利用热压缩水特殊性质的技术称为水热液化。该反应传统上被认为在中等温度（200-350°C）和高压（10-25 MPa）下发生，尽管最近的研究结果表明在较高温度区域增加压力的好处。水热液化非常稳健，理论上，所有湿原料，包括残渣和废水，可以进行处理。主要产物是所谓的生物原油或生物油，然后进一步升级为燃料或化学品。水热液化目前处于中试/示范阶段，有几个实验室规模的反应器和几个已有的中试工厂，还有几个示范工厂正在建设中。加工设备和材料的应用条件非常苛刻，在该技术商业化之前仍存在一些挑战。在这篇综述中，描述了与生物加工集成相关的原料、加工条件对水热过程和产物组成的影响。此外，还介绍了相关的升级方法。
