Nuriddin Ayah
Department of the History of Medicine, Center for Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2019 Jan 1;74(1):85-106. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jry025.
The Crownsville State Hospital, located in Maryland just outside of Annapolis, provides a thought-provoking example of the impact of desegregation in the space of the mental hospital. Using institutional reports, patient records, and oral histories, this article reconstructs the three phases of desegregation at Crownsville. First, as a result of its poor conditions, lack of qualified staff, and its egregious mistreatment of patients, African American community leaders and organizations such as the NAACP called for the desegregation of the care staff of Crownsville in the late 1940s. Second, the introduction of a skilled African American staff created unprecedented and morally complex issues about access to psychiatric therapeutics. Last, in 1963, Health Commissioner Dr. Isadore Tuerk officially desegregated patients in all Maryland state hospitals. Though desegregation brought much needed improvements to Crownsville, these gains were ultimately swamped by deinstitutionalization and the shift towards outpatient psychiatric care. By the 1970s, Crownsville had returned to the poor conditions that existed during segregation.
位于马里兰州安纳波利斯郊外的克朗斯维尔州立医院，为精神病院空间内的种族隔离消除影响提供了一个引人深思的例子。本文利用机构报告、患者记录和口述历史，重构了克朗斯维尔种族隔离消除的三个阶段。首先，由于条件恶劣、缺乏合格员工以及对患者的恶劣对待，20世纪40年代末，非裔美国社区领袖和全国有色人种协进会（NAACP）等组织呼吁对克朗斯维尔的医护人员进行种族隔离消除。其次，引入熟练的非裔美国员工带来了关于获得精神治疗的前所未有的且在道德上复杂的问题。最后，1963年，卫生专员伊西多尔·图尔克博士正式在所有马里兰州立医院实现了患者的种族隔离消除。尽管种族隔离消除给克朗斯维尔带来了急需的改善，但这些成果最终被非机构化和向门诊精神治疗的转变所淹没。到20世纪70年代，克朗斯维尔又回到了种族隔离时期存在的恶劣状况。
