Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
Eye (Lond). 2019 Feb;33(2):218-222. doi: 10.1038/s41433-018-0288-8. Epub 2018 Nov 27.
While discussion of interactions between the thyroid gland and the eye mostly focus on thyroid eye disease, the involvement of the thyroid and its hormones on development of the eye before birth is also an important perspective that should not be forgotten. Experimental models involving amphibians and fish are valuable both because the developing larvae are not constrained within the adult but can be observed and manipulated as they grow autonomously and also because they metamorphose with substantial morphological changes driven by the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis occurring as they develop from eggs to adults. In this paper we will first discuss changes seen in the axolotl, a naturally occurring neotonous hypothyroid salamander and the Xenopus toad a widely used laboratory amphibian. Secondly we will document ocular changes in flatfish which exhibit remarkable anatomical alterations during their change from a pelagic to benthic lifestyle. Finally we will evaluate ocular changes in developing zebrafish when subjected to thyroid-disrupting chemicals. These experiments show the influence of the thyroid on ocular development when thyroid function is altered which may be of value in determining changes in human hypothyroid infants but are also important to note as these chemicals are widely used in plastics and also as flame retardants used to control wildfires. Run-off into water courses can damage both wildlife and humans consuming contaminated water and thyroid disruption may have significant effects on reproduction and development, although influences on ocular morphology have yet to be investigated.
虽然甲状腺与眼睛之间相互作用的讨论主要集中在甲状腺眼病上，但甲状腺及其激素在出生前对眼睛发育的影响也是一个不应被遗忘的重要视角。涉及两栖动物和鱼类的实验模型具有重要价值，因为发育中的幼虫不受限于成年体内，可以在它们自主生长的过程中进行观察和操作，并且因为它们在从卵到成体的发育过程中，由下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴驱动的大量形态变化而发生变态。在本文中，我们将首先讨论在自然存在的甲状腺功能减退性幼态蟾蜍和广泛使用的实验室两栖动物非洲爪蟾中观察到的变化。其次，我们将记录比目鱼的眼部变化，这些鱼在从洄游性到底栖生活方式的转变过程中表现出显著的解剖变化。最后，我们将评估在暴露于甲状腺破坏化学物质的发育中的斑马鱼中的眼部变化。这些实验表明，当甲状腺功能发生变化时，甲状腺对眼睛发育的影响，这可能有助于确定人类甲状腺功能减退婴儿的变化，但也需要注意，这些化学物质广泛用于塑料制造，并且作为阻燃剂用于控制野火。径流到水道会破坏野生动物和食用受污染水的人类，甲状腺破坏可能对生殖和发育产生重大影响，尽管对眼部形态的影响尚未得到研究。
