University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2012 Aug 15;104:19-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.021. Epub 2012 Apr 4.
Thousands of anthropogenic chemicals are present in the environment, and mounting evidence indicates that some have endocrine-disrupting effects in a variety of organisms. Of particular concern are chemicals that act as agonists or antagonists on vertebrate estrogen or androgen receptors. One such compound is bisphenol A (BPA), which appears to be both an estrogen receptor agonist and an androgen receptor antagonist. Used in the manufacture of plastic resins, BPA is found at low levels in surface-water, sediments, soils, and biota. Although it degrades quickly, it is pseudo-persistent in the environment because of continual inputs. Due to its environmental ubiquity, organisms may be exposed to BPA chronically or during sensitive life stages. While the impacts of BPA-related endocrine disruption in humans have been extensively studied, the endocrinal and systemic effects in wildlife are less well known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of BPA inputs to the environment, routes of exposure, and effects on wildlife. We then critically examine the regulatory structure governing the environmental endpoints of BPA in the United States, European Union, and Canada, and discuss major challenges to the effective regulation of BPA. We conclude with a survey of treatment and mitigation options.
环境中存在数千种人为化学物质，越来越多的证据表明，其中一些物质对各种生物具有内分泌干扰作用。特别令人关注的是那些对脊椎动物雌激素或雄激素受体具有激动剂或拮抗剂作用的化学物质。双酚 A（BPA）就是这样一种化合物，它似乎既是雌激素受体激动剂，又是雄激素受体拮抗剂。BPA 用于制造塑料树脂，在地表水、沉积物、土壤和生物群中都有低浓度存在。尽管它会迅速降解，但由于持续的输入，它在环境中具有假持久性。由于其在环境中的普遍存在，生物体可能会长期或在敏感的生命阶段暴露于 BPA 之下。虽然有关 BPA 相关内分泌干扰对人类的影响已经进行了广泛的研究，但野生动物的内分泌和系统影响却知之甚少。本文综述了 BPA 对环境的输入、暴露途径以及对野生动物的影响的现有知识状况。然后，我们批判性地审查了美国、欧盟和加拿大管理 BPA 环境终点的监管结构，并讨论了有效监管 BPA 的主要挑战。最后，我们对处理和缓解选择进行了调查。
