Biomed Pharmacother. 1988;42(2):93-8.
National data indicate that at least 10 million persons have used smokeless tobacco within the past year. The human evidence that use of snuff causes cancer of the mouth is strong. Smokeless tobacco use increases the frequency of localized gum recession and leukoplakia where the snuff is usually placed. The presence of lead in smokeless tobacco may pose a special risk for the developing fetus. Use of smokeless tobacco releases nicotine into the bloodstream and produces blood levels of nicotine comparable to those produced by smoking tobacco. The primary behavioral consequence of regular use of smokeless tobacco is long-term nicotine dependence and its associated health risks.
国家数据显示，在过去一年中至少有1000万人使用过无烟烟草。有充分的证据表明，使用鼻烟会导致口腔癌。使用无烟烟草会增加局部牙龈退缩和通常放置鼻烟部位的白斑的发生频率。无烟烟草中铅的存在可能对发育中的胎儿构成特殊风险。使用无烟烟草会将尼古丁释放到血液中，使血液中的尼古丁水平与吸烟产生的尼古丁水平相当。经常使用无烟烟草的主要行为后果是长期尼古丁依赖及其相关的健康风险。
