Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Jan;94(1):110-124. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.005. Epub 2018 Dec 10.
Exceptional longevity represents an extreme phenotype. Current centenarians are survivors of a cohort who display delayed onset of age-related diseases and/or resistance to otherwise lethal illnesses occurring earlier in life. Characteristics of aging are heterogeneous, even among long-lived individuals. Associations between specific clinical or genetic biomarkers exist, but there is unlikely to be a single biomarker predictive of long life. Careful observations in the oldest old offer some empirical strategies that favor increased health span and life span, with implications for compression of disability, identification and implementation of lifestyle behaviors that promote independence, identification and measurement of more reliable markers associated with longevity, better guidance for appropriate health screenings, and promotion of anticipatory health discussions in the setting of more accurate prognostication. Comprehensive PubMed literature searches were performed, with an unbiased focus on mechanisms of longevity. Overall, the aggregate literature supports that the basis for exceptional longevity is multifactorial and involves disparate combinations of genes, environment, resiliency, and chance, all of which are influenced by culture and geography.
异常长寿代表了一种极端的表型。目前的百岁老人是一个队列的幸存者，他们表现出与年龄相关的疾病的发病延迟和/或对生命早期发生的其他致命疾病的抵抗力。衰老的特征是异质的，即使在长寿个体中也是如此。存在与特定临床或遗传生物标志物之间的关联，但不太可能存在单一的生物标志物可预测长寿。对最年长的人的仔细观察提供了一些经验策略，有利于增加健康寿命和寿命，这对减少残疾、识别和实施促进独立的生活方式行为、识别和测量与长寿相关的更可靠标志物、为适当的健康筛查提供更好的指导以及促进更准确预测下的预期健康讨论具有重要意义。进行了全面的 PubMed 文献检索，以公正的态度关注长寿的机制。总的来说，综合文献支持，异常长寿的基础是多因素的，涉及不同的基因、环境、弹性和机会组合，所有这些都受到文化和地理的影响。
