Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2018 Dec;30:67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.09.010. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
Okaramine were indole alkaloids discovered from products of Penicillium simplicissimum AK-40 in soy bean pulp 'okara'. Okaramines exhibit insecticidal activity on a broad range of insects. Hence, more insecticide leads were explored by fermenting the other fungi with okara, resulting in the isolations of meroterpenes and cyclic peptides as well as indole alkaloids with distinct skeletons. Most okaramines activate l-glutamate-gated chloride channels found only in invertebrate nervous systems and muscle cells. Other fungal products selectively modulate other invertebrate ligand-gated chloride channels. Recently, the okaramine biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated, providing new insights in structural features important for activity. Enhanced production of okaramine in okara points to the involvement of plant mediators in the production of insect modulators by plant associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere as a novel defense strategy.
奥卡胺是从大豆豆渣中青霉素属简单青霉 AK-40 的产物中发现的吲哚生物碱。奥卡胺对广泛的昆虫具有杀虫活性。因此，通过用豆渣发酵其他真菌，探索了更多的杀虫剂先导化合物，得到了倍半萜和环肽以及具有独特骨架的吲哚生物碱。大多数奥卡胺激活仅存在于无脊椎动物神经系统和肌肉细胞中的 l-谷氨酸门控氯离子通道。其他真菌产物选择性调节其他无脊椎动物配体门控氯离子通道。最近，奥卡胺的生物合成途径已经阐明，为活性的结构特征提供了新的见解。豆渣中奥卡胺的产量增加表明，植物介体参与了根际植物相关微生物产生昆虫调节剂的过程，这是一种新的防御策略。
