Department of Psychology.
Department of Education and Counseling Psychology.
Dev Psychol. 2019 Apr;55(4):823-834. doi: 10.1037/dev0000666. Epub 2018 Dec 20.
We told ninety-nine 4- and 5-year-olds stories in which speakers told lies and truths in two contexts: those told to deny a transgression (misdeeds) and those told to spare another's feelings (politeness). Participants identified each statement as a lie or as the truth, morally judged it as good or bad, and decided whether or not to assign punishment to the speaker. All children received measures of first- and second-order false-belief understanding. Although 4-year-olds were above chance in their identification accuracy, they did not differentiate between lies and truths in their moral judgments or punishments. Five-year-olds outperformed 4-year-olds in their identification accuracy, morally judged lies more negatively than truths, and assigned speakers of lies more punishment than those who told truths. Five-year-olds also treated lies about misdeeds more negatively than politeness lies in their moral judgments and punishments. Children's identification of both lies and truths related to their first-order false-belief understanding, while their moral judgments and punishment of lies related to their second-order false-belief understanding. These findings suggest that different considerations are made when children reason about the conceptual and moral differences between lies and truths. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
我们向九十九名 4 至 5 岁的儿童讲述了两个情境中的故事，说话者在这些故事中分别说了真话和谎话：一是否认过错（不当行为），二是为了顾及他人感受（礼貌）。参与者要判断每个陈述是谎话还是真话，并从道德上判断其好坏，然后决定是否要对说话者进行惩罚。所有孩子都接受了一阶和二阶错误信念理解的测量。尽管 4 岁儿童在识别准确率上超过了随机水平，但他们在道德判断或惩罚方面并没有区分谎话和真话。5 岁儿童在识别准确率上优于 4 岁儿童，他们从道德上更负面地判断谎话，比真话给予更多的惩罚。5 岁儿童在道德判断和惩罚方面也更负面地对待关于不当行为的谎话，而不是礼貌的谎话。儿童对谎话和真话的识别与其一阶错误信念理解有关，而他们对谎话的道德判断和惩罚与其二阶错误信念理解有关。这些发现表明，当儿童推理谎话和真话之间的概念和道德差异时，会考虑不同的因素。（APA 版权所有，2019）。
