Paffenbarger R S
Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5092.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988 Oct;20(5):426-38.
Much important information about the cardiovascular benefits and hazards of exercise requires the methods of epidemiology, i.e., the study in human populations of frequencies and distributions of disease in terms of time, place, and personal characteristics. The key techniques are comparison and contrast, but epidemiological analyses of physical activity and cardiovascular health often must rely on circumstantial evidence to assess cause-and-effect relationships. The study procedures must be designed to meet rigorous epidemiological principles: statistical association, temporal sequence, consistency, persistence, independence, dose-response relationship, specificity, alterability, repeatability, and confirmation of findings. Through measurement and contrast, study procedures aim to determine whether physically active persons experience a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than do persons more sedentary. Based on these principles, current evidence indicates that exercise induces protective benefits against coronary heart disease that enable most persons to approach their potential longevity.
许多关于运动对心血管有益和有害的重要信息需要借助流行病学方法来获取，即对人群中疾病在时间、地点和个人特征方面的发生频率和分布情况进行研究。关键技术是比较和对照，但对身体活动与心血管健康的流行病学分析往往必须依靠间接证据来评估因果关系。研究程序必须按照严格的流行病学原则来设计：统计关联、时间顺序、一致性、持续性、独立性、剂量反应关系、特异性、可改变性、可重复性以及研究结果的证实。通过测量和对照，研究程序旨在确定体力活动者患心血管疾病的发生率是否低于久坐不动者。基于这些原则，目前的证据表明，运动能对冠心病产生保护作用，使大多数人能够接近其潜在的寿命。
