Scott A B, Hoppa R D
University of New Brunswick, Department of Anthropology, 13 MacAulay Lane, Annex C, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
University of Manitoba: Department of Anthropology, 432 Fletcher Argue Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
Int J Paleopathol. 2019 Sep;26:157-163. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.004. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
The Little Ice Age, beginning in Europe in the 14th century, saw a period of climatic cooling and increased precipitation where food sources dwindled and famine became rampant, particularly in urban city centers. This study focuses on the Black Friars population (13th-17th centuries) to explore changes in stress in Denmark at the onset of the Little Ice Age. This study specifically explores the periods before and after the turn of the 14th century. Forty-five adult individuals were analyzed for cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, and enamel hypoplastic lesions. Results showed no statistically significant differences between the prevalence of these stress indicators between either time period; however, reduced age at death and increased lesion frequency was more prevalent post-1300. It was expected that increased stress would be evident in those buried after the turn of the 14th century due to the many challenges associated with wide spread climatic cooling; however, the reliance on nutrient rich marine resources and alms provisions may have helped lessen the burden of these stressors during this period of climatic hardship. Additionally, while famine characterized the beginning of the 14 century, agricultural rebound shortly after this period may have also influenced the stress levels observed.
小冰期始于14世纪的欧洲，这一时期气候变冷，降水量增加，食物来源减少，饥荒肆虐，尤其是在城市中心地区。本研究聚焦于黑衣修士群体（13至17世纪），以探究小冰期开始时丹麦压力状况的变化。本研究特别考察了14世纪之交前后的时期。对45名成年人的眶孔筛状板、多孔性骨质增生和釉质发育不全病变进行了分析。结果显示，这两个时期这些压力指标的患病率在统计学上没有显著差异；然而，1300年后死亡年龄降低和病变频率增加的情况更为普遍。由于广泛的气候变冷带来诸多挑战，预计14世纪之交后埋葬的人压力会增加；然而，对营养丰富的海洋资源和救济物资的依赖可能有助于减轻这一气候艰难时期这些压力源的负担。此外，虽然饥荒是14世纪初的特征，但这一时期之后不久农业的复苏也可能影响了所观察到的压力水平。
