组织问题：HIV-1 感染中的黏膜 T 细胞反应。
Tissue issues: mucosal T-cell responses in HIV-1 infection.
机构信息
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
出版信息
Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019 Mar;14(2):100-107. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000530.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review summarizes our current understanding of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in mucosal tissues, emphasizing recent work and specifically highlighting papers published over the past 18 months.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent work has improved the standardization of tissue sampling approaches and provided new insights on the abundance, phenotype and distribution of HIV-1-specific T-cell populations in mucosal tissues. In addition, it has recently been established that some lymphocytes exist in tissues as "permanent resident" memory cells that differ from their counterparts in blood.
SUMMARY
HIV-1-specific T-cell responses have been extensively characterized; however, the vast majority of reports have focused on T-cells isolated from peripheral blood. Mucosal tissues of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts serve as the primary sites of HIV-1 transmission, and provide "front line" barrier defenses against HIV-1 and other pathogens. In addition, the gastrointestinal tract remains a significant viral reservoir throughout the chronic phase of infection. Tissue-based immune responses may be critical in fighting infection, and understanding these defenses may lead to improved vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies.
目的综述
本文总结了目前对 HIV-1 特异性 T 细胞在黏膜组织中的反应的认识，重点介绍了最近的工作，并特别强调了过去 18 个月内发表的论文。
最近的发现
最近的工作改进了组织采样方法的标准化，并提供了关于 HIV-1 特异性 T 细胞在黏膜组织中的丰度、表型和分布的新见解。此外，最近已经确定，一些淋巴细胞作为“常驻”记忆细胞存在于组织中，与血液中的对应物不同。
总结
HIV-1 特异性 T 细胞反应已经得到了广泛的描述；然而，绝大多数报告都集中在从外周血中分离出来的 T 细胞上。生殖道和胃肠道的黏膜组织是 HIV-1 传播的主要部位，并提供了针对 HIV-1 和其他病原体的“第一道”屏障防御。此外，在感染的慢性期，胃肠道仍然是一个重要的病毒储存库。基于组织的免疫反应可能对抵抗感染至关重要，了解这些防御机制可能会导致改进的疫苗和免疫治疗策略。
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