Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
BioDrugs. 2019 Feb;33(1):1-7. doi: 10.1007/s40259-018-0328-8.
Recent advances in culture-free methods of studying the human microbiome, coupled with strong bioinformatics tools, have provided new insights on the role of the human microbiome in health and disease. The human gut, in particular, houses a vast number and diverse variety of microbes. A plethora of evidence has demonstrated the significant effects of the gut microbiome on local and systemic immunity. Studies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients provided early evidence of the involvement of the gut microbiome in the development of graft-versus-host disease and its related mortality. Cancer immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors, in particular, harness the power of the host's immune system to fight a range of malignancies. Resistance to immunotherapy and fatal immune-related adverse events both continue to be challenges in the field. The role of the human gut microbiome in affecting the response to immunotherapy was recently uncovered through a series of preclinical and clinical studies. The evidence presented in these studies provides tremendous potential for gut microbes to be used for biomarker development and therapeutic intervention trials.
近年来，无培养方法研究人类微生物组的技术不断进步，同时也有强大的生物信息学工具提供支持，这为人类微生物组在健康和疾病中的作用提供了新的见解。特别是人类肠道中栖息着大量多样的微生物。大量证据表明，肠道微生物组对局部和全身免疫有重大影响。造血干细胞移植受者的研究为肠道微生物组参与移植物抗宿主病及其相关死亡率的发展提供了早期证据。癌症免疫疗法和检查点抑制剂特别利用了宿主免疫系统的力量来对抗多种恶性肿瘤。免疫疗法耐药和致命的免疫相关不良事件仍然是该领域的挑战。通过一系列临床前和临床研究，最近发现了人类肠道微生物组在影响免疫疗法反应中的作用。这些研究提供的证据为利用肠道微生物作为生物标志物开发和治疗干预试验提供了巨大的潜力。
