Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit Number 1484, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Mar;65(3):885-896. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06111-x.
With the advent of next-generation sequencing approaches, there has been a renaissance in the microbiome field. Microbial taxonomy and function can now be characterized relatively easily and rapidly-no longer mandating complex culturing approaches. With this renaissance, there is now a strong and growing appreciation for the role of the microbiome (referring to microbes and their genomes) in modulating many facets of physiology-including overall immunity. This is particularly true of the gut microbiome, and there is now an evolving body of the literature demonstrating a role for gut microbes in modulating responses to cancer treatment-particularly immunotherapy. Gut microbes can modulate immunity and anti-tumor responses via a number of different interactions, and these will be discussed herein. Additionally, data regarding the impact of gut microbes on cancer immunotherapy response will be discussed, as will strategies to manipulate the microbiome to enhance therapeutic responses. These efforts to date are not completely optimized; however, there is evidence of efficacy though much additional work is needed in this space. Nonetheless, it is clear that the microbiome plays a central role in health and disease, and strategies to manipulate it in cancer and overall precision health are being explored.
随着下一代测序方法的出现，微生物组领域迎来了复兴。现在可以相对轻松和快速地描述微生物的分类和功能，不再需要复杂的培养方法。随着这一复兴，人们现在强烈地认识到微生物组（指微生物及其基因组）在调节许多生理方面的作用，包括整体免疫。肠道微生物组尤其如此，现在有越来越多的文献证明肠道微生物在调节对癌症治疗的反应，特别是免疫治疗方面起着作用。肠道微生物可以通过多种不同的相互作用来调节免疫和抗肿瘤反应，本文将对此进行讨论。此外，还将讨论肠道微生物对癌症免疫治疗反应的影响的数据，以及操纵微生物组以增强治疗反应的策略。迄今为止，这些努力并非完全优化；然而，尽管在这一领域还需要做更多的工作，但已经有了疗效的证据。尽管如此，很明显，微生物组在健康和疾病中起着核心作用，并且正在探索在癌症和整体精准健康中操纵它的策略。
