Parliament of Estonia, Research Department of the Riigikogu, Lossi plats 1a Tallinn 15165, Estonia.
School of Governance, Law and Society, Narva mnt 25 Tallinn 10120, Estonia.
J Sch Health. 2019 Feb;89(2):136-144. doi: 10.1111/josh.12720.
Bullying has been associated with many mental health problems. The effect of bullying has been found to be affected by the way students are involved in bullying. The purpose of the study was to explore the association between mental well-being, hopelessness, and being involved in bullying (as a bully, victim, or bully-victim), and to detect more harmful bullying types to students' mental well-being.
The study was conducted among Estonian students from grades 5 to 9 (N = 2048). The survey was nationwide, cross-sectional, anonymous, and web-based by nature. Mental well-being was assessed by using WHO-5 well-being index and hopelessness by 1-item Beck Hopelessness Scale.
The odds for being severely distressed (ie, students expressing both poor mental well-being and hopelessness) were greater for both sexes bullying others and being victims of bullying. For bully-victims the odds were greater for girls only. The victims of extensive cyber bullying expressed the lowest level of mental well-being for both sexes.
Boys might be the most vulnerable if being pure victims, while girls if being bully-victims. More attention should be paid to cyber bullying, as victims of extensive cyber bullying had the lowest level of mental well-being.
欺凌与许多心理健康问题有关。研究发现，欺凌对学生的影响方式会影响欺凌的效果。本研究旨在探讨心理健康、绝望感与欺凌行为（作为欺凌者、受害者或欺凌-受害者）之间的关系，并发现对学生心理健康更有害的欺凌类型。
该研究在爱沙尼亚 5 至 9 年级的学生中进行（N=2048）。该调查是全国性的、横断面的、匿名的和基于网络的。使用世界卫生组织-5 项幸福感指数和贝克绝望量表的 1 项评估心理健康状况，用 1 项贝克绝望量表评估绝望感。
对于男性和女性来说，欺凌他人和被欺凌的学生出现严重困扰（即既表现出心理健康状况不佳又表现出绝望感）的可能性更大。对于欺凌-受害者，这种可能性仅在女孩中更大。对于男女生来说，遭受广泛网络欺凌的受害者的心理健康水平最低。
如果只是单纯的受害者，男孩可能是最脆弱的，而如果是欺凌-受害者，女孩则更脆弱。应更加关注网络欺凌，因为遭受广泛网络欺凌的受害者的心理健康水平最低。
