Nie Huang-Hua, Zhang Jia-Sheng, He Zhou-Ming, An Mei, Yang Xue-Yun, Gu Jiang-Xin
College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agricultural and Forest University, Yangling 712100, China.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2019 Feb 8;40(2):885-892. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201807086.
Annual nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions were measured within a 27 year fertilization experiment in Guanzhong Plain. Gas samples were collected using static chambers from June 2017 to June 2018. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the variations in NO and NO emissions and evaluate the effect of manure amendment on gas losses. Three treatments were set up in the field using a completely random block design. The control treatment (CK) remained unfertilized throughout the year. The synthetic fertilizers (NPK) and NPK plus dairy manure (NPKM) treatments received an annual nitrogen (N) input at a rate of 353 kg·hm. In the summer maize season, the NPK and NPKM treatments received urea as a N source at 188 kg·hm. In the winter wheat season, the NPK treatments received urea at 165 kg·hm. The NPKM treatment received the same amount of N as the NPK treatment but with 30% from urea and 70% from dairy manure. The results showed that NO and NO emissions from the CK treatment were consistently low during the experimental period. Large emission peaks were captured in the NPK and NPKM treatments, mostly responding to fertilizer application and irrigation. The largest NO and NO peaks were up to 103.0 g·(hm·d) and 71.0 g·(hm·d), respectively, and both occurred in the NPKM treatment during the summer maize season. The NO/NO ratio was negatively related to soil water-filled pore space (<0.01) at soil temperatures above 20℃ for the NPK and NPKM treatments, indicating the regulatory effect of soil temperature and water content on gas fluxes. Annual NO emissions from the CK, NPK, and NPKM treatments were 0.21 kg·hm, 2.32 kg·hm, and 2.15 kg·hm, respectively, with a non-significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments (=0.74). Annual NO emissions from the CK, NPK, and NPKM treatments were 0.23 kg·hm, 0.80 kg·hm, and 1.46 kg·hm, respectively, with a significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments (<0.05). We concluded that long-term dairy manure amendment did not influence NO emissions but increased NO emissions.
在关中平原进行的一项为期27年的施肥试验中，对一氧化二氮（N₂O）和一氧化氮（NO）的年排放量进行了测量。2017年6月至2018年6月期间，使用静态箱采集气体样本。本研究的主要目的是量化N₂O和NO排放的变化，并评估施用粪肥对气体损失的影响。在田间设置了三个处理，采用完全随机区组设计。对照处理（CK）全年不施肥。化肥（NPK）处理和NPK加牛粪（NPKM）处理每年的氮（N）投入量为353 kg·hm⁻²。在夏玉米季，NPK和NPKM处理施用尿素作为氮源，施用量为188 kg·hm⁻²。在冬小麦季，NPK处理施用尿素165 kg·hm⁻²。NPKM处理施用的氮量与NPK处理相同，但30%来自尿素，70%来自牛粪。结果表明，在试验期间，CK处理的N₂O和NO排放量一直较低。NPK和NPKM处理出现了较大的排放峰值，主要响应施肥和灌溉。最大的N₂O和NO峰值分别高达103.0 g·(hm²·d)⁻¹和71.0 g·(hm²·d)⁻¹，且均出现在夏玉米季的NPKM处理中。对于NPK和NPKM处理，在土壤温度高于20℃时，N₂O/NO比值与土壤充水孔隙度呈负相关（P<0.01），表明土壤温度和含水量对气体通量有调节作用。CK、NPK和NPKM处理的年N₂O排放量分别为0.21 kg·hm⁻²、2.32 kg·hm⁻²和2.15 kg·hm⁻²，NPK和NPKM处理之间差异不显著（P=0.74）。CK、NPK和NPKM处理的年NO排放量分别为0.23 kg·hm⁻²、0.80 kg·hm⁻²和1.46 kg·hm⁻²，NPK和NPKM处理之间差异显著（P<0.05）。我们得出结论，长期施用牛粪不会影响N₂O排放，但会增加NO排放。
