Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
Neuroimage. 2019 Apr 1;189:95-105. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.009. Epub 2019 Jan 8.
Reward and punishment shape behavior, but the mechanisms underlying their effect on skill learning are not well understood. Here, we tested whether the functional connectivity of premotor cortex (PMC), a region known to be critical for learning of sequencing skills, is altered after training when reward or punishment is given during training. Resting-state fMRI was collected in two experiments before and after participants trained on either a serial reaction time task (SRTT; n = 36) or force-tracking task (FTT; n = 36) with reward, punishment, or control feedback. In each experiment, training-related change in PMC functional connectivity was compared across feedback groups. In both tasks, we found that reward and punishment differentially affected PMC functional connectivity. On the SRTT, participants trained with reward showed an increase in functional connectivity between PMC and cerebellum as well as PMC and striatum, while participants trained with punishment showed an increase in functional connectivity between PMC and medial temporal lobe connectivity. After training on the FTT, subjects trained with control and reward showed increases in PMC connectivity with parietal and temporal cortices after training, while subjects trained with punishment showed increased PMC connectivity with ventral striatum. While the results from the two experiments overlapped in some areas, including ventral pallidum, temporal lobe, and cerebellum, these regions showed diverging patterns of results across the two tasks for the different feedback conditions. These findings suggest that reward and punishment strongly influence spontaneous brain activity after training, and that the regions implicated depend on the task learned.
奖励和惩罚塑造行为，但它们对技能学习的影响的机制尚不清楚。在这里，我们测试了在奖励或惩罚在训练期间给予时，运动前皮层（PMC）的功能连接是否在训练后改变，而 PMC 是一个已知对序列技能学习至关重要的区域。在参与者接受奖励、惩罚或对照反馈的情况下，分别在两个实验中进行了序列反应时间任务（SRTT；n=36）或力跟踪任务（FTT；n=36）之前和之后的静息态 fMRI 采集。在每个实验中，比较了反馈组之间 PMC 功能连接的训练相关变化。在两个任务中，我们发现奖励和惩罚对 PMC 功能连接有不同的影响。在 SRTT 上，接受奖励训练的参与者表现出 PMC 与小脑以及 PMC 与纹状体之间的功能连接增加，而接受惩罚训练的参与者表现出 PMC 与内侧颞叶连接之间的功能连接增加。在 FTT 训练后，接受控制和奖励训练的受试者在训练后表现出 PMC 与顶叶和颞叶皮质的连接增加，而接受惩罚训练的受试者表现出 PMC 与腹侧纹状体的连接增加。虽然两个实验的结果在一些区域（包括腹侧苍白球、颞叶和小脑）重叠，但这些区域在两个任务中对于不同的反馈条件表现出不同的结果模式。这些发现表明，奖励和惩罚强烈影响训练后大脑的自发活动，而涉及的区域取决于学习的任务。
