King's College London, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, Tower Wing, 28th Floor, London SE1 9RT, UK.
King's College London, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, Tower Wing, 28th Floor, London SE1 9RT, UK.
Exp Cell Res. 2019 Mar 15;376(2):236-239. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.007. Epub 2019 Jan 8.
It is well understood that replicative and transcriptional responses in the nucleus occur under the influence of specific extracellular biochemical signals (e.g. growth factors and cytokines). However, it has become apparent recently that the nucleus is also able to sense and respond to more generic cues, such as physical forces and mechanical constraints. Indeed, being the largest and stiffest intracellular organelle, the nucleus is exposed to various types of forces acting from inside and outside the cell. These forces result in global and local deformations of the nucleus, which can significantly affect spatial organization and mechanical state of the nuclear envelope (NE). Considering that peripheral chromatin is attached to the NE, forces applied to the NE are transmitted to chromatin. This, in turn, can impact chromatin organization, dynamics, and activity. Where do these forces originate from and what are the physiological contexts in which they modulate critical nuclear activities? Discussing these questions is the main goal of the present mini-review.
众所周知，核内的复制和转录反应是在特定的细胞外生化信号（如生长因子和细胞因子）的影响下发生的。然而，最近人们已经明显认识到，核也能够感知和响应更通用的线索，例如物理力和机械约束。事实上，作为最大和最硬的细胞内细胞器，核受到来自细胞内外的各种类型的力的作用。这些力导致核的全局和局部变形，这会显著影响核膜（NE）的空间组织和力学状态。考虑到周边染色质附着在 NE 上，施加在 NE 上的力传递到染色质。反过来，这又会影响染色质的组织、动态和活性。这些力源自何处，以及它们在哪些生理环境下调节关键的核活动？讨论这些问题是本综述的主要目标。
