The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.
University of Arizona, United States.
Accid Anal Prev. 2019 Mar;124:138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.018. Epub 2019 Jan 10.
With emerging new technologies, the vehicles in the future with connected vehicle systems (CVS) will be equipped with the ability to communicate with each other and aim to provide drivers with information in a timely and reliable way to improve driver safety. This study was designed to investigate the interaction effects of warning lead time (2.5 s vs. 4.5 s), warning reliability (73% vs. 89%), and speech warning style (command vs. notification) on driver performance and subjective evaluation of warnings in CVS. A driving simulator study with thirty-two participants was designed to simulate a connected vehicle environment with missed warnings due to failures in the communication network of the CVS. With regard to the response types, the results showed that notification warnings led to a lower probability of braking response and a higher probability of braking and steering response compared with command warnings. The results showed command warnings led to a smaller collision rate compared to notification warnings with the warning lead time of 2.5 s, whereas no significant difference of collision rates was found between two warning styles when the warning lead time is 4.5 s. These results suggest notification warnings should be selected when the warning lead time is longer and the warning systems are highly reliable, which resulted in higher safety benefits and higher subjective rating. Command warnings could be selected when the warning lead time is shorter since they led to more safety benefits, but such selection has to be made with caution since command warnings may limit drivers' response type and were perceived as less helpful than notification warnings.
随着新兴技术的出现，未来配备有车对车通信系统 (CVS) 的车辆将具备彼此通信的能力，并旨在及时、可靠地为驾驶员提供信息，以提高驾驶员的安全性。本研究旨在调查警告提前期 (2.5 秒与 4.5 秒)、警告可靠性 (73%与 89%) 和语音警告风格 (命令与通知) 对 CVS 中驾驶员性能和警告主观评价的交互影响。一项有 32 名参与者参与的驾驶模拟器研究旨在模拟由于 CVS 通信网络故障导致的错过警告的车对车环境。就响应类型而言，结果表明，与命令警告相比，通知警告导致制动响应的概率更低，制动和转向响应的概率更高。结果表明，与通知警告相比，在警告提前期为 2.5 秒的情况下，命令警告导致碰撞率更低，而在警告提前期为 4.5 秒的情况下，两种警告风格之间的碰撞率没有显著差异。这些结果表明，当警告提前期较长且警告系统高度可靠时，应选择通知警告，因为这会带来更高的安全收益和更高的主观评分。当警告提前期较短时，可以选择命令警告，因为它们会带来更多的安全收益，但这种选择必须谨慎，因为命令警告可能会限制驾驶员的响应类型，并且被认为不如通知警告有用。
