Wald E R
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988 Nov;7(11 Suppl):S150-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198811001-00006.
Upper respiratory tract infection and allergic inflammation are recognized as the important risk factors for acute sinusitis, with upper respiratory tract infection being most common. In children with acute or chronic sinusitis, the respiratory symptoms of nasal discharge, nasal congestion and cough are usually prominent. Radiography has traditionally been used to determine the presence or absence of sinus disease. The radiographic findings most diagnostic of bacterial sinusitis are diffuse opacification, mucous membrane thickening or an air-fluid level. The predominant organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. Several viruses including adenovirus and parainfluenzae have also been recovered. Clinical improvement is prompt in nearly all children treated with an appropriate antimicrobial agent.
上呼吸道感染和过敏性炎症被认为是急性鼻窦炎的重要危险因素，其中上呼吸道感染最为常见。在患有急性或慢性鼻窦炎的儿童中，流涕、鼻塞和咳嗽等呼吸道症状通常较为突出。传统上，放射成像用于确定鼻窦疾病的有无。对细菌性鼻窦炎最具诊断意义的放射学表现为弥漫性混浊、黏膜增厚或气液平面。主要病原体包括肺炎链球菌、卡他莫拉菌和不可分型流感嗜血杆菌。也已分离出几种病毒，包括腺病毒和副流感病毒。几乎所有接受适当抗菌药物治疗的儿童临床症状都能迅速改善。
