Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
J Food Sci. 2019 Feb;84(2):370-380. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14434. Epub 2019 Jan 14.
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify crystal violet (CV), leucocrystal violet (LCV), malachite green (MG), leucomalachite green (LMG), and brilliant green (BG) residues in frozen fish (121 samples) from various countries, in order to detect the use of prohibited antibiotic dyes in fish for human consumption. The microbial quality of the fish was also assessed along with the effectiveness of a simple treatment with whole fat milk to reduce the levels of CV and LCV contamination. CV and LCV were the only two residues detected. They were found in farmed Pangasius (0.362 to 41.34 μg/kg and 0.178 to 10.58 μg/kg, respectively) and Tilapia (1.24 to 9.48 μg/kg and 1.29 to 2.81 μg/kg). Based on aerobic plate count (APC), 74%, 59%, and 55% of the samples of Tilapia fillets (from China) and Pangasius fillets (United Arab Emirates and Vietnam), and 100% and 50% of the skin samples of Hake (Argentina and U.S.A.) were of unacceptable microbial quality (APC > 10 cfu/g). Human pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp., were detected in most fish. A significant reduction in CV and LCV concentrations by more than a third was achieved after immersing Pangasius and Tilapia fillets in whole fat milk for 120 minutes. These findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with routine assessments of fish microbial quality, in order to protect public health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The described LC-MS/MS method can be used to rapidly and simultaneously quantify antibiotic dye residues in frozen fish. CV and LCV were detected in farmed Pangasius and Tilapia fillets and their concentrations was reduced by more than one third after immersing the fillets in whole milk for 120 min, a treatment which is not intended to replace safe fish farming practices upstream to artificially lower the level of banned dyes in fish. The findings support the necessity of regular inspections and monitoring of CV and other antibiotic dye residues in fish, along with assessments of fish microbial quality, to protect public health.
建立并验证了一种快速灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法，用于检测来自不同国家的冷冻鱼（121 个样本）中结晶紫（CV）、亮结晶紫（LCV）、孔雀石绿（MG）、隐色孔雀石绿（LMG）和碱性绿（BG）的残留量，以检测抗生素染料在供人类食用的鱼类中的使用情况。同时还评估了鱼的微生物质量，以及全脂牛奶处理对降低 CV 和 LCV 污染水平的有效性。仅检测到 CV 和 LCV 两种残留。它们存在于养殖的巴沙鱼（0.362 至 41.34μg/kg 和 0.178 至 10.58μg/kg）和罗非鱼（1.24 至 9.48μg/kg 和 1.29 至 2.81μg/kg）中。根据需氧平板计数（APC），100%和 50%的阿根廷和美国的黑线鳕鱼片以及 74%、59%和 55%的中国罗非鱼片和阿拉伯联合酋长国和越南的巴沙鱼片的微生物质量不可接受（APC>10 cfu/g）。在大多数鱼中都检测到人类病原体，如大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和弧菌属。将巴沙鱼和罗非鱼片浸泡在全脂牛奶中 120 分钟后，CV 和 LCV 的浓度显著降低了三分之一以上。这些发现支持定期检查和监测鱼类中的 CV 和其他抗生素染料残留物以及常规评估鱼类微生物质量的必要性，以保护公众健康。实际应用：所描述的 LC-MS/MS 方法可用于快速同时定量冷冻鱼中的抗生素染料残留。在养殖的巴沙鱼和罗非鱼片以及其浓度检测到 CV 和 LCV，经过 120 分钟全脂牛奶浸泡后，LCV 的浓度降低了三分之一以上，这种处理方法并不是为了替代上游安全的鱼类养殖实践，以人工降低鱼类中禁用染料的水平。这些发现支持定期检查和监测鱼类中的 CV 和其他抗生素染料残留物以及评估鱼类微生物质量的必要性，以保护公众健康。
