University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
The Norwegian Air Ambulance, Dombås, Norway.
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019 Jan 14;27(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13049-019-0585-7.
Avalanche emergency response should address current accident scenarios to optimize survival chances of victims and to keep rescuers safe. The purpose of this article is to present a basis for evaluation and necessary adjustments in dispatch, prioritization, and management of Norwegian avalanche rescue operations.
This is the first peer-reviewed retrospective study of all Norwegian avalanche incidents registered by the two Joint Rescue Co-ordination Centers (JRCCs) in the period 1996-2017 that describes the characteristics and trends of rescue missions and victims.
The Norwegian JRCCs have registered 720 snow avalanche events, with a total of 568 avalanche victims, of which 120 (21%) died. Including those fatally injured, a total of 313 avalanche victims in 209 accidents were treated as patients (55%), and we saw > 1 patient in 24% of these operations. Norwegian avalanche victims were partially or completely recovered prior to the arrival of rescuers in 75% (n = 117) of all rescue operations. In the remaining 25% of cases, the rescue service located 62% (n = 55) of the avalanche victims visually or electronically. In 50% of the 720 incidents, rescuers spent time searching in avalanches with no victims.
This survey indicates that we have experienced a shift in Norwegian avalanche rescue: from search for missing persons in the avalanche debris to immediate medical care of already-located patients. The findings suggest that a stronger focus on both patient and rescuer safety is necessary. The patients must be ensured the right treatment at the right place at the right time and the allocation of rescue resources must reflect a need to reduce exposure in avalanche terrain, especially in cases with no affirmed victims. We present a flowchart with a recommended rescue response to avalanche accidents in Norway.
雪崩应急响应应针对当前事故场景，以优化受害者的生存机会并确保救援人员的安全。本文旨在为评估提供依据，并对挪威雪崩救援行动的调度、优先级排序和管理进行必要的调整。
这是首次对 1996 年至 2017 年期间由两个联合救援协调中心（JRCC）登记的所有挪威雪崩事件进行的同行评审回顾性研究，描述了救援任务和受害者的特征和趋势。
挪威 JRCC 共登记了 720 起雪崩事件，共有 568 名雪崩受害者，其中 120 人（21%）死亡。包括那些重伤的人，在 209 起事故中有 313 名雪崩受害者被视为患者（55%），在这些行动中有 24%的行动中出现了超过 1 名患者。在所有救援行动中，75%（n=117）的情况下，挪威雪崩受害者在救援人员到达之前已部分或完全康复。在其余 25%的情况下，救援服务通过视觉或电子方式找到了 62%（n=55）的雪崩受害者。在 720 起事件中的 50%中，救援人员在没有受害者的雪崩中花费时间进行搜索。
本调查表明，我们已经经历了挪威雪崩救援的转变：从在雪崩碎片中寻找失踪人员转变为立即对已经找到的患者进行医疗护理。调查结果表明，有必要更加关注患者和救援人员的安全。必须确保患者在正确的时间和地点得到正确的治疗，并且必须根据减少在雪崩地形中暴露的需求来分配救援资源，特别是在没有确认受害者的情况下。我们提出了一个在挪威发生雪崩事故时的推荐救援响应流程图。
