Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
Institute of Environmental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 25;658:1239-1248. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.220. Epub 2018 Dec 19.
Cadmium (Cd) exposure has adverse health effects in children. Diet contributes to Cd exposure, but dietary components could affect body Cd levels.
To examine associations between diet and urinary Cd (U-Cd) in children.
In this cross-sectional study conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay, Cd exposure of 5-8 year old children (n = 279 with complete data) was assessed in first morning urine (U-Cd), a marker of long-term exposure, measured by ICP-MS and adjusted for specific gravity. Distribution of U-Cd was (median [5%, 95%]: 0.06 [0.02, 0.17] μg/L); data were natural-log-transformed (ln) for statistical analyses. Serum ferritin (SF), an indicator of iron stores, was measured in fasting samples. Trained nutritionists completed two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls with both child and caregiver present. Measures of iron, zinc, calcium and fiber intake, and the consumption of grains, root vegetables, milk, and foods rich in heme iron (white and read meats) and non-heme iron (legumes, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes, dried fruit) were derived. Multivariable ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinal regressions were used to examine associations among tertiles of water Cd, SF, diet, and U-Cd. OLS models were further stratified by sex.
In covariate-adjusted models, SF was not related to ln-U-Cd. Children in highest tertile of iron and zinc intake had lower ln-U-Cd: (-0.23 [-0.42, -0.03]) and (-0.25 [-0.44, -0.05]), respectively, compared to the reference group. Children consuming higher amounts of foods rich in heme iron had slightly lower ln-U-Cd (-0.17 [-0.36, 0.03]). High grain consumption was related to higher ln-U-Cd (0.25 [0.06, 0.45]).
Diets rich in grains were related to higher urinary Cd levels among children living in the context of low Cd pollution. Higher intake of iron and zinc was related to lower Cd levels. Given that urinary Cd is mainly a marker of long-term exposure, these findings should be further corroborated.
镉（Cd）暴露对儿童健康有不良影响。饮食会导致镉暴露，但饮食成分可能会影响体内镉水平。
研究儿童饮食与尿镉（U-Cd）之间的关系。
本横断面研究在乌拉圭蒙得维的亚进行，对 5-8 岁儿童（n=279 例完成完整数据）的首次晨尿（U-Cd）进行镉暴露评估，U-Cd 是一种长期暴露的标志物，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测量并根据比重进行校正。U-Cd 的分布为（中位数[5%，95%]：0.06[0.02，0.17]μg/L）；为了进行统计分析，数据进行了自然对数转换（ln）。空腹样本中检测血清铁蛋白（SF），这是铁储存的指标。经过培训的营养师与儿童和看护者一起完成了两次非连续的 24 小时饮食回忆。测量了铁、锌、钙和纤维的摄入量，以及谷物、根茎类蔬菜、牛奶和富含血红素铁（白色和红色肉类）和非血红素铁（豆类、菠菜、西兰花、西红柿、干果）的食物的消费情况。采用多变量普通最小二乘法（OLS）和有序回归来研究水镉、SF、饮食和 U-Cd 三分位之间的关系。在协变量调整模型中，SF 与 ln-U-Cd 无关。与参考组相比，铁和锌摄入量最高组的儿童 ln-U-Cd 水平较低：（-0.23[-0.42，-0.03]）和（-0.25[-0.44，-0.05]）。摄入富含血红素铁的食物较多的儿童，ln-U-Cd 略低（-0.17[-0.36，0.03]）。高谷物摄入量与较高的 ln-U-Cd 相关（0.25[0.06，0.45]）。
在低镉污染背景下，富含谷物的饮食与儿童尿液中镉含量升高有关。较高的铁和锌摄入量与较低的镉水平有关。鉴于尿镉主要是长期暴露的标志物，这些发现应进一步证实。
